Some course material on the Teaching Network may still use the command line operating system called DOS (Disk Operating System). This requires the user to type specific
Commands at a prompt.
INTRODUCTION:
The command interpreter for MS DOS runs when no application programs are running. When an application exits, if the command interpreter in memory was overwritten, MS DOS will re-load it from disk. The command interpreter is usually stored in a file called "COMMAND.COM". Some commands are built-into COMMAND.COM; others are stored on disk in the same way as application programs.
Resident commands varied slightly between revisions of MS DOS. Typically, the functions DIR (list directory), ERASE, or DEL COPY (copy files), DATE (display or set date), TIME (display or set time), CD (change working directory), MD (make a directory on the current disk), REN (rename a file or directory) and some others were resident in COMMAND.COM.
FIRST WE ARE GOING TO SEE THE USEFUL NETWORKING DOS COMMAND BELOW:
The Various Network Related Commands Used In MS-DOS, Windows, Linux, UNIX, And Other Operating Systems, Such As:
IPCONFIG:
ipconfig – Windows IP Configuration
This has to the DOS command I use most today. ipconfig will tell you the IP settings for the current computer such as what your current IP is and what subnet/gateway you are on. It is great for troubleshooting. Here are the two most useful commands for ipconfig and usage:
This has to the DOS command I use most today. ipconfig will tell you the IP settings for the current computer such as what your current IP is and what subnet/gateway you are on. It is great for troubleshooting. Here are the two most useful commands for ipconfig and usage:
ipconfig /release – This will release any IP information that the computer was given and make your IP address 0.0.0.0ipconfig /renew – This will ask any DHCP servers (usually your modem/router) for a new IP address.Examples:
To get your computers local network IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway typing ipconfig alone will display this information as shown below. Keep in mind this is only your local network information.
ipconfig
Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : hsd1.ut.comcast.net.
IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.201.245
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.201.1
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : hsd1.ut.comcast.net.
IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.201.245
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.201.1
To get all local network information for your computer use the /all switch as shown below, followed by the results that would be seen when using this command.
ipconfig /all
Windows IP Configuration
NETSTAT:
The netstat command is used to display the TCP /IP network protocol statistics and information
netstat – Displays current TCP /IP connections
netstat – Will display what connections are currently active on the system. Useful for spotting programs calling back to base such as spyware. NETSTAT.exe TCP /IP Network Statistics Displays protocol statistics and current TCP /IP network connections. NETSTAT [-a] [-e] [-n] [-s] [-p proto] [-r] [interval] -a Displays all connections and listening ports. -e Displays Ethernet statistics. This may be combined with the -s option. -n Displays addresses and port numbers in numerical form. -p proto Shows connections for the protocol specified by proto; proto may be TCP or UDP. If used with the -s option to display per-protocol statistics, proto may be TCP , UDP, or IP. -r Displays the routing table. -s Displays per-protocol statistics. By default, statistics are shown for TCP , UDP and IP; the -p option may be used to specify a subset of the default. interval Redisplays selected statistics, pausing interval seconds between each display. Press CTRL+C to stop redisplaying statistics. If omitted, netstat will print the current configuration information once.First, I would recommend that you always use the '-a' parameter so you can see UDP 'listening ports' as well (often used by trojans), and not just the active TCP connections; then switch between using the '-a' and no parameters at all, to see the differences.
When you're offline, you normally shouldn't see any connection data! If you do see an OPEN PORT NUMBER 'listening' for a connection (using the '-a' parameter), it may be that your computer has been infected with a trojan! Click this link for a few more ideas on how you can check to see if your computer is Trojan Free?
If you're running a server, such as the free XITAMI server, you might see something like this ("My_Comp" is the name of my computer):
If you're running a server, such as the free XITAMI server, you might see something like this ("My_Comp" is the name of my computer):
C:\WINDOWS>netstat -a Active Connections Proto Local Address Foreign Address State TCP My_Comp:ftp localhost:0 LISTENING TCP My_Comp:80 localhost:0 LISTENINGOr with the "-an" parameters:
C:\WINDOWS>netstat -an Active Connections Proto Local Address Foreign Address State TCP 0.0.0.0:21 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENINGBy simply opening a browser connection to both the HTTP (port 80) and FTP (port 21) servers (while still offline!), I saw the following:
C:\WINDOWS>netstat -a Active Connections Proto Local Address Foreign Address State TCP My_Comp:ftp localhost:0 LISTENING TCP My_Comp:80 localhost:0 LISTENING TCP My_Comp:1104 localhost:0 LISTENING TCP My_Comp:ftp localhost:1104 ESTABLISHED TCP My_Comp:1102 localhost:0 LISTENING TCP My_Comp:1103 localhost:0 LISTENING TCP My_Comp:80 localhost:1111 TIME_WAIT TCP My_Comp:1104 localhost:ftp ESTABLISHED TCP My_Comp:1107 localhost:0 LISTENING TCP My_Comp:1112 localhost:80 TIME_WAIT UDP My_Comp:1102 *:* UDP My_Comp:1103 *:* UDP My_Comp:1107 *:*This may be a bit confusing to some people, but remember I'm running BOTH the servers and clients on the same machine in these examples. A little later (using both 'a' and 'n') I got this:
C:\WINDOWS>netstat -an Active Connections Proto Local Address Foreign Address State TCP 0.0.0.0:21 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 0.0.0.0:1104 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 127.0.0.1:21 127.0.0.1:1104 FIN_WAIT_2 TCP 127.0.0.1:1102 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 127.0.0.1:1103 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING TCP 127.0.0.1:1104 127.0.0.1:21 CLOSE_WAIT TCP 127.0.0.1:1107 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING UDP 127.0.0.1:1102 *:* UDP 127.0.0.1:1103 *:* UDP 127.0.0.1:1107 *:*After turning off my server, I ended up with this for a while:
C:\WINDOWS>netstat -an Active Connections Proto Local Address Foreign Address State TCP 127.0.0.1:80 127.0.0.1:1150 TIME_WAIT TCP 127.0.0.1:80 127.0.0.1:1151 TIME_WAIT
ping www.google.com – ping 192.168.0.1 – C:\PING 192.168.10.9
PING .exe Usage: ping [-t] [-a] [-n count] [-l size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v TOS ] [-r count] [-s count] [[-j host-list] | [-k host-list]] [-w timeout] destination-list Options: -t Ping the specifed host until interrupted. -a Resolve addresses to hostnames. -n count Number of echo requests to send. -l size Send buffer size. -f Set "Don't Fragment" flag in packet. -i TTL Time To Live. -v TOS Type Of Service. -r count Record route for count hops. -s count Timestamp for count hops. -j host-list Loose source route along host-list. -k host-list Strict source route along host-list. -w timeout Timeout in milliseconds to wait for each reply.There's one special IP number everyone should know about:
127.0.0.1 - localhost (or loopback).
127.0.0.1 - localhost (or loopback).
This is used to connect ( through a browser, for example) to a Web server on your own computer. (127 being reserved for this purpose.) You can use this IP number at all times. It doesn't matter if you're connected to the Internet or not.
It's also called the loopback address because you can ping it and get returns even when you're offline (not connected to any network). If you don't get any valid replies, then there's a problem with the computer's Network settings. Here's a typical response to the 'ping' command:
It's also called the loopback address because you can ping it and get returns even when you're offline (not connected to any network). If you don't get any valid replies, then there's a problem with the computer's Network settings. Here's a typical response to the 'ping' command:
C:\PING 127.0.0.1 (LOOPBACK PING
Here's another recent example using the name of my computer which I have tied to the IP number 127.0.0.1 in my C:\WINDOWS\HOSTS file:
C:\WINDOWS>ping My_Comp Pinging My_Comp [127.0.0.1] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=128Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=128Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=128 Ping statistics for 127.0.0.1:Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0msTRACERT / TRACEROUTE:
The tracert command in MS-DOS / Windows or the traceroute command in Unix / Linux and variants is another commonly used network command to help determine network related issues or slowdowns.
Using this command you can view a listing of how a network packet travels through the network and where it may fail or slow down.
Using this information you can determine the computer, router, switch or other network device possibly causing your network issues.
TRACERT.exe Trace Route Usage: tracert [-d] [-h maximum_hops] [-j host-list] [-w timeout] target_name Options: -d Do not resolve addresses to hostnames. -h maximum_hops Maximum number of hops to search for target. -j host-list Loose source route along host-list. -w timeout Wait timeout milliseconds for each reply.Example: which traces the route from some ISP in Los Angeles to the main server at UCLA in California
C:\WINDOWS>tracert www.yahoo.com Tracing route to www.ucla.edu [169.232.33.129]over a maximum of 30 hops: 1 141 ms 132 ms 140 ms wla-ca-pm6.icg.net [165.236.29.85] 2 134 ms 131 ms 139 ms whv-ca-gw1.icg.net [165.236.29.65] 3 157 ms 132 ms 143 ms f3-1-0.lai-ca-gw1.icg.net [165.236.24.89] 4 194 ms 193 ms 188 ms a0-0-0-1.dai-tx-gw1.icg.net [163.179.235.61] 5 300 ms 211 ms 214 ms a1-1-0-1.ati-ga-gw1.icg.net [163.179.235.186] 6 236 ms 237 ms 247 ms a5-0-0-1.was-dc-gw1.icg.net [163.179.235.129] 7 258 ms 236 ms 244 ms 163.179.243.205 8 231 ms 233 ms 230 ms wdc-brdr-03.inet.qwest.net [205.171.4.153] 9 240 ms 230 ms 236 ms wdc-core-03.inet.qwest.net [205.171.24.69] 10 262 ms 264 ms 263 ms hou-core-01.inet.qwest.net [205.171.5.187] 11 281 ms 263 ms 259 ms hou-core-03.inet.qwest.net [205.171.23.9] 12 272 ms 229 ms 222 ms lax-core-02.inet.qwest.net [205.171.5.163] 13 230 ms 217 ms 230 ms lax-edge-07.inet.qwest.net [205.171.19.58] 14 228 ms 219 ms 220 ms 63-145-160-42.cust.qwest.net [63.145.160.42] 15 218 ms 222 ms 218 ms ISI-7507--ISI.POS .calren2.net [198.32.248.21] 16 232 ms 222 ms 214 ms UCLA--ISI.POS .calren2.net [198.32.248.30] 17 234 ms 226 ms 226 ms cbn5-gsr.calren2.ucla.edu [169.232.1.18] 18 245 ms 227 ms 235 ms www.ucla.edu [169.232.33.129] Trace complete. Note: Unless you're running a network, the following commands won't be of much use to you.
Furthermore, if you're concerned about Security, my advice is to NEVER use NetBIOS on a computer that connects to the Internet.
Furthermore, if you're concerned about Security, my advice is to NEVER use NetBIOS on a computer that connects to the Internet.
NBTSTAT:
The nbtstat MS-DOS utility that displays protocol statistics and current TCP /IP connections using NBT .
NBTSTAT.exe Net Bios Stats Displays protocol statistics and current TCP /IP connections using NBT (NetBIOS over TCP /IP). NBTSTAT [-a RemoteName] [-A IP address] [-c] [-n] [-r] [-R] [-s] [S] [interval] -a (adapter status) Lists the remote machine's name table given its name. -A (Adapter status) Lists the remote machine's name table given its IP address. -c (cache) Lists the remote name cache including the IP addresses. -n (names) Lists local NetBIOS names. -r (resolved) Lists names resolved by broadcast and via WINS -R (Reload) Purges and reloads the remote cache name table -S (Sessions) Lists sessions table with the destination IP addresses. -s (sessions) Lists sessions table converting destination IP addresses to host names via the hosts file. RemoteName Remote host machine name. IP address Dotted decimal representation of the IP address. interval Redisplays selected statistics, pausing interval seconds between each display. Press Ctrl+C to stop redisplaying statistics.ROUTE:
The route MS-DOS utility enables computers to view and modify the computer's route table.
ROUTE.exe Manipulates network routing tables. ROUTE [-f] [command [destination] [MASK netmask] [gateway]] -f Clears the routing tables of all gateway entries. If this is used in conjunction with one of the commands, the tables are Cleared prior to running the command. Command Specifies one of four commands PRINT Prints a route ADD Adds a route DELETE Deletes a route CHANGE Modifies an existing route destination Specifies the host to send command. MASK If the MASK keyword is present, the next parameter is interpreted as the netmask parameter. netmask If provided, specifies a sub-net mask value to be associated with this route entry. If not specified, if defaults to 255.255.255.255. gateway Specifies gateway. All symbolic names used for destination or gateway are looked up in the network and host name database files NETWORKS and HOSTS, respectively. If the command is print or delete, wildcards may be used for the destination and gateway, or the gateway argument may be omitted. Examples:
> route PRINT
| >route ADD 157.0.0.0 ^destination | MASK 255.0.0.0 ^mask | 157.55.80.1 ^gateway | METRIC 3 ^metric | IF 2 ^Interface |
If IF is not given, it tries to find the best interface for a given gateway.
> route PRINT
> route PRINT 157* .... Only prints those matching 157*
> route DELETE 157.0.0.0
> route PRINT
> route PRINT 157* .... Only prints those matching 157*
> route DELETE 157.0.0.0
> route PRINT
One way to use this would be as follows: You can't ping the server that you are connecting to, but you know the ip address to be 127.16.16.10
>route PRINT
Interface List
0x1 ........................... MSTCP Loopback interface
0x2 ...00 14 a4 c3 44 20 ...... Xircom CardBus Ethernet 10/100 Adapter
0x3 ...00 b0 d0 43 55 a5 ...... 3Com EtherLink PCI
0x4 ...00 01 b0 8f 8f 80 ...... NdisWan Adapter
0x1 ........................... MS
0x2 ...00 14 a4 c3 44 20 ...... Xircom CardBus Ethernet 10/100 Adapter
0x3 ...00 b0 d0 43 55 a5 ...... 3Com EtherLink PCI
0x4 ...00 01 b0 8f 8f 80 ...... NdisWan Adapter
Active Routes:
Network Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Metric
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 127.16.8.14 127.16.8.14 1
127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1
127.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 127.16.8.14 127.16.8.14 1
127.16.8.14 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1
192.168.50.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.50.65 192.168.50.65 2
192.168.50.65 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1
192.168.50.255 255.255.255.255 192.168.50.65 192.168.50.65 1
224.0.0.0 224.0.0.0 127.16.8.14 127.16.8.14 1
224.0.0.0 224.0.0.0 192.168.50.65 192.168.50.65 1
255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 192.168.50.65 192.168.50.65 1
127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1
127.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 127.16.8.14 127.16.8.14 1
127.16.8.14 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1
192.168.50.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.50.65 192.168.50.65 2
192.168.50.65 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1
192.168.50.255 255.255.255.255 192.168.50.65 192.168.50.65 1
224.0.0.0 224.0.0.0 127.16.8.14 127.16.8.14 1
224.0.0.0 224.0.0.0 192.168.50.65 192.168.50.65 1
255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 192.168.50.65 192.168.50.65 1
** notice that no gateway for the current ip goes to 255.255.255.0, so it must be added. Now do the below command.
>route ADD 127.16.0.0 MASK 255.255.255.0 METRIC 1
**Then do the below command:
>route print
Active Routes:
Network Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Metric
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 127.16.8.14 127.16.8.14 1
127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1
127.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 127.16.8.14 127.16.8.14 1
** 127.16.0.0 255.255.255.0 127.16.8.14 127.16.8.14 1
127.16.8.14 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1
192.168.50.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.50.65 192.168.50.65 2
192.168.50.65 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1
192.168.50.255 255.255.255.255 192.168.50.65 192.168.50.65 1
224.0.0.0 224.0.0.0 127.16.8.14 127.16.8.14 1
224.0.0.0 224.0.0.0 192.168.50.65 192.168.50.65 1
255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 192.168.50.65 192.168.50.65 1
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 127.16.8.14 127.16.8.14 1
127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1
127.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 127.16.8.14 127.16.8.14 1
** 127.16.0.0 255.255.255.0 127.16.8.14 127.16.8.14 1
127.16.8.14 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1
192.168.50.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.50.65 192.168.50.65 2
192.168.50.65 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1
192.168.50.255 255.255.255.255 192.168.50.65 192.168.50.65 1
224.0.0.0 224.0.0.0 127.16.8.14 127.16.8.14 1
224.0.0.0 224.0.0.0 192.168.50.65 192.168.50.65 1
255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 192.168.50.65 192.168.50.65 1
**Notice the ** ip address gives me the default gateway.
ARP:
Display or manipulate the ARP information on a network device or computer.
ARP.exe Address Resolution Protocol ARP -s inet_addr eth_addr [if_addr]ARP -d inet_addr [if_addr]ARP -a [inet_addr] [-N if_addr] -a Displays current ARP entries by interrogating the current protocol data. If inet_addr is specified, the IP and Physical addresses for only the specified computer are displayed. If more than one network interface uses ARP, entries for each ARP table are displayed. -g (Same as -a) inet_addr Specifies an internet address. -N if_addr Displays the ARP entries for the network interface specified by if_addr. -d Deletes the host specified by inet_addr. -s Adds the host and associates the Internet address inet_addr with the Physical address eth_addr. The Physical address is given as 6 hexadecimal bytes separated by hyphens. The entry is permanent. eth_addr Specifies a physical address. if_addr If present, this specifies the Internet address of the interface whose address translation table should be modified. If not present, the first applicable interface will be used.FINGER:
The finger command available in Unix / Linux variants allows a user to find sometimes personal information about a user. This information can include the last time the user logged in, when they read their e-mail, etc... If the user creates a .PLAN or other related file the user can also display additional information.
NBTSTAT:
The nbtstat MS-DOS utility that displays protocol statistics and current TCP /IP connections using NBT .
Examples:
nbtstat -a 204.224.150.3
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PATHPING:
Pathping is a MS-DOS utility available for Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP users. This utility enables a user to find network latency and network loss.
Examples:
pathping computerhope.com
Tracing route to computerhope.com [204.228.150.3]
over a maximum of 30 hops:
over a maximum of 30 hops:
0 Hope [192.168.120.101]
1 192.168.120.254
2 ...
Computing statistics for 50 seconds...
1 192.168.120.254
2 ...
Computing statistics for 50 seconds...
Hop | RTT | Source to Here Lost/Sent = Pct | This Node/Link Lost/Sent = Pct | Address |
0 1 2 | 0ms --- | 0/ 100 = 0% 100/100 = 100% | 0/100 = 0% 0/100 = 0% 100/100 = 100% 0/100 = 0% | 0 Hope [192.168.120.101] | 192.168.120.254 | Hope [0.0.0.0] |
Trace complete.
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The net command is available in MS-DOS / Windows and is used to set, view and determine network settings.
Examples:
net use z: \\computer\folder
Map the Z: drive to the network path //computer/folder.
net send mrhope "There is hope!"
Send a text message to the computer with a host name of mrhope the message There is hope!. Note: This command only works for Windows versions that support this command.
Note: Many computers today have also disabled the messenger service, if this service is disabled you will be unable to send/receive net send messages.
net send * "There is hope!"
The above command would send There is hope! to all users in your current domain. This command should be used with caution since if you're on a school or work network many of the computers on that network if not all well be sent a message if the messenger service is enabled on the computers.
net config workstation
Display additional information about the network such as the computers name, workgroup, logon domain, DNS, and other useful information.
net view \\hope
View the available computers and their shared resources you may use either of the below commands. The first example displays available computers. The last command would display the shared resources on the hope computer.
net localgroup
Display all groups currently setup on the computer you're running the command on.
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Display all on your computer.
net share hope=c:\hope\files
Create a share called "hope" for the "c:\hope\files" directory.
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NSLOOKUP:
The nslookup MS-DOS utility that enables a user to do a reverse lookup on an IP address of a domain or host on a network.
Examples:
This command is often used to perform a reverse lookup on an IP address as shown in the below example. The first section specifies the server and address of that server that provided you with the domain name and IP address displayed in the second section.
nslookup 204.228.150.3
Server: ns.computerhope.com
Address: 1.1.1.1
Name: www.computerhope.com
Address: 204.228.150.3
Address: 1.1.1.1
Name: www.computerhope.com
Address: 204.228.150.3
nslookup
Running nslookup without specifying an IP address or domain name will display your routers server and address.
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WHOIS:
The whois command available in Unix / Linux variants helps allow a user to identify a domain name. This command provides information about a domain name much like the WHOIS on network solutions. In some cases the domain information will be provided from Network Solutions.
Example:
whois [ -h host ] identifier
-h host | Host which holds the identification information. |
identifier | Name or host you wish to identify |
Examples
whois computerhope.com - doing a whois on computerhope.com, for example, will list information similar to the following.
Whois Server Version 1.3
Domain names in the .com, .net, and .org domains can now be registered
with many different competing registrars. Go to http://www.internic.net
for detailed information.
with many different competing registrars. Go to http://www.internic.net
for detailed information.
Domain Name: COMPUTERHOPE.COM
Registrar: NETWORK SOLUTIONS, INC.
Whois Server: whois.networksolutions.com
Referral URL: www.networksolutions.com
Name Server: NS.XMISSION.COM
Name Server: NS2.XMISSION.COM
Name Server: NS1.XMISSION.COM
Updated Date: 21-jun-2000
Registrar: NETWORK SOLUTIONS, INC.
Whois Server: whois.networksolutions.com
Referral URL: www.networksolutions.com
Name Server: NS.XMISSION.COM
Name Server: NS2.XMISSION.COM
Name Server: NS1.XMISSION.COM
Updated Date: 21-jun-2000
>>> Last update of whois database: Thu, 22 Feb 2001 07:49:41 EST <<<
The Registry database contains ONLY .COM, .NET , .ORG , .EDU domains and
Registrars
Registrars
WINIPCFG:
The winipcfg command available in Windows allows a user to display network and network adapter information. Here, a user can find such information as an IP address, Subnet Mask, Gateway, etc
The winipcfg command allows a user to Click here related information such as the IP address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway, DHCP Server, WINS Server, etc.
HOSTNAME
The hostname command displays the host name of the Windows XP computer currently logged into.
Example:
hostname
sethostname: Use the Network Control Panel Applet to set hostname.
hostname -s is not supported.
hostname -s is not supported.
ALSO YOU CAN SEE USEFUL FILE MANAGEMENT DOS COMMAND:
TYPE – OPEN TEXTS FILES
Similar to Unix’s cat command, this command will display the contents of a text file in DOS as read-only. Usage:
type c:\sometextfile.txt ATTRIB – MAKE HIDDEN FILES VISIBLE
Attrib can change the attributes of a file, such as whether its a system file or its hidden. This is especially useful to technicians because critical files such as the boot.ini is a hidden system file:
attrib -H c:\boot.ini – To unhide the boot.iniattrib -S c:\boot.ini – To make remove its system file attribute For more options with this command, type
attrib /?FIND – ADVANCED FILE SEARCH
The find command is a very powerful one with many options such as the ability to search for something, but exclude certain files. The following command will find all files with .pdf in their name on C:\
dir c:\ /s /b | find ".pdf"For more information in this command and its usage, type
find /? Normal usage of the move command would be:
move file.txt c:\TextFiles\ However, you can also use it to move only certain files. For example, if I wanted to get all the PDF’s out of a folder and move them to another location, but leave all other file types alone, I would do:
move *.pdf c:\WorkPDFs\ Type
tree to see the folder and file structure of the folder you are currently in. You can also use this command to make prints of the directory structure by sending the information to a text file with the following command tree > textfile.txtSYSTEM
SYSTEMINFO – Displays information about the system
systeinfo – Will display information about the system such as the name, version, uptime, specifications and patches installed. TASKLIST / TASKKILL – Shows what programs are running on the computer and can kill them
tasklist – Will display all the processes running and their memory usage.taskkill – Will kill a process. Usage would be: taskkill firefox.exe sfc /scannow – This command will start scanning your computer for any damaged or missing windows system files. Useful to run after a virus, adware or spyware attack has damaged core files. Have an XP CD handy for this one. CHKDSK – Can check a disk and attempt to recover data in bad sectors.
CHKDSK /F /R – This will check a disk for errors and try and fixes information from bad sectors CHKDSK /X – Forces the volume to dismount first. For further information/usage on any of these commands, you can bring up the help for each one of them by typing:
command /?This Article Written Author By: Premakumar Thevathasan. CCNA, CCNP, CCIP, MCSA, MCSE, MCSA - MSG, CIW Security Analyst, CompTIA Certified A+.
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