IPV6
WHAT IS IPV6?
IP, The Internet Protocol, Is One Of The Pillars Which Supports The Internet. Almost 20 Years Old, First Specified In A Remarkably Concise 45 Pages In RFC 791, IP Is The Network-Layer Protocol For The Internet.
In 1991, The IETF Decided That The Current Version Of IP, Called Ipv4, Had Outlived Its Design. The New Version Of IP, Called Either Ipng (Next Generation) Or Ipv6 (Version 6), Was The Result Of A Long And Tumultuous Process Which Came To A Head In 1994, When The IETF Gave A Clear Direction For Ipv6.
Ipv6 Is Designed To Solve The Problems Of Ipv4. It Does So By Creating A New Version Of The Protocol Which Serves The Function Of Ipv4, But Without The Same Limitations Of Ipv4. Ipv6 Is Not Totally Different From Ipv4: What You Have Learned In Ipv4 Will Be Valuable When You Deploy Ipv6. The Differences Between Ipv6 And Ipv4 Are In Five Major Areas: Addressing And Routing, Security, Network Address Translation, Administrative Workload, And Support For Mobile Devices. Ipv6 Also Includes An Important Feature: A Set Of Possible Migration And Transition Plans From Ipv4.
Since 1994, Over 30 Ipv6 Rfcs Have Been Published. Changing IP Means Changing Dozens Of Internet Protocols And Conventions, Ranging From How IP Addresses Are Stored In DNS (Domain Name System) And Applications, To How Datagrams Are Sent And Routed Over Ethernet, PPP, Token Ring, FDDI, And Every Other Medium, To How Programmers Call Network Functions.
The IETF, Though, Is Not So Insane As To Assume That Everyone Is Going To Change Everything Overnight. So There Are Also Standards And Protocols And Procedures For The Coexistence Of Ipv4 And Ipv6: Tunneling Ipv6 In Ipv4, Tunneling Ipv4 In Ipv6, Running Ipv4 And Ipv6 On The Same System (Dual Stack) For An Extended Period Of Time, And Mixing And Matching The Two Protocols In A Variety Of Environments.
Even If You’ve Never Studied Ipv6, You May Know About Its Most Famous Feature: Big Addresses. Ipv4 Uses 32-Bit Addresses, And With The Growth Of The Internet, These Have Become A Scarce And Valuable Commodity. Organizations Have Gone To Great Lengths To Deal With The Shortage And High Cost Of Ipv4 Addresses. The Most Visible Change In Ipv6 Is That Addresses Balloon From 32-Bits To 128-Bits
With Such A Huge Address Space, Isps Will Have Sufficient IP Addresses To Allocate Enough Addresses To Every Customer So That Every IP Device Has A Truly Unique Address---Whether It’s Behind A Firewall Or Not. NAT (Network Address Translation) Has Become A Very Common Technique To Deal With The Shortage Of IP Addresses. Unfortunately, NAT Doesn’t Work Very Well For Many Internet Applications, Ranging From Old Dependables, Such As NFS And DNS, To Newer Applications Such As Group Conferencing. NAT Has Also Been An Impediment For Business-To-Business Direct Network Connections, Requiring Baroque And Elaborate Address Translators To Make Everything Work Reliably, Scaling Poorly, And Offering A Highly Vulnerable Single Point Of Failure. One Of The Goals Of Ipv6’s Address Space Expansion Is To Make NAT Unnecessary, Improving Total Connectivity, Reliability, And Flexibility. Ipv6 Will Re-Establish Transparency And End-To-End Traffic Across The Internet.
Additional Address Space Will Also Help The Core Of The Internet---It Is Hoped---By Reducing The Size And Complexity Of The Global Routing Tables. Although Ipv6 Doesn’t Solve The Problems Of Routing In The Internet, It Can Help In Several Areas, Reducing The Initial Size Of The Tables And Offering A Hierarchical Address Space.
The New Ipv6 Addresses Are Large And Cumbersome To Deal With, So Ipv6 Reduces The Number Of People Who Have To Read And Write Them. A Second Major Goal Of Ipv6 Is To Reduce The Total Time Which People Have To Spend Configuring And Managing Systems. An Ipv6 System Can Participate In "Stateless" Autoconfiguration, Where It Creates A Guaranteed-Unique IP Address By Combining Its LAN MAC Address With A Prefix Provided By The Network Router---DHCP Is Not Needed. Of Couse, DHCP Is Still Useful For Other Parameters, Such As DNS Servers, And Is Supported As Dhcpv6 Where Needed. Ipv6 Also Offers A Middle Ground Between The Two Extremes With Protocols Such As SLP ("Service Location Protocol"), Which May Make The Lives Of Network Managers Easier.
Although Ipv4 Is A Simple Protocol, It Was Not Designed For Giga-Bit And Tera-Bit Routers Which Need To Look At Millions Of Packets A Second. The Third Major Goal Of Ipv6 Is To Speed Up The Network, Both From A Performance And From A Deployment Point Of View. Ipv6 Embodies The Lessons Learned At Trying To Build High-Speed Routers For Ipv4 By Changing The Header Of The IP Packet To Be More Regular And To Streamline The Work Of High-Speed Routers Moving Packets Across The Internet Backbone. Ipv6 Has Fixed Header Sizes, And Little-Used Ipv4 Fields Have Been Removed.
A Side Effect Of The Redesign Of The IP Packet Header Is That Future Extensions To Ipv6 Are Simplified: Adding A New Option To IP Can Be Done Without A Major Re-Engineering Of IP Routers Everywhere.
High-Bandwidth Multimedia And Fault Tolerance Applications Are The Focus Of The Fourth Major Goal Of Ipv6. Multimedia Applications Can Take Advantage Of Multicast: The Transmission Of A Single Datagram To Multiple Receivers. Although Ipv4 Has Some Multicast Capabilities, These Are Optional And Not Every Router And Host Supports Them. With Ipv6, Multicast Is A Requirement. Ipv6 Also Defines A New Kind Of Service, Called "Anycast." Like Multicast, Anycast Has Groups Of Nodes Which Send And Receive Packets. But When A Packet Is Sent To An Anycast Group In Ipv6, It Is Only Delivered To One Of The Members Of The Group. This New Capability Is Especially Appropriate In A Fault-Tolerant Environment: Web Servers And DNS Servers Could All Benefit From Ipv6’s Anycast Technology.
The Fifth Major Goal Of Ipv6 Is Vpns, Virtual Private Networks. The New Ipsec Security Protocols, ESP (Encapsulating Security Protocol) And AH (Authentication Header) Are Add-Ons To Ipv4. Ipv6 Builds-In And Requires These Protocols, Which Will Mean That Secure Networks Will Be Easier To Build And Deploy In An Ipv6 World.
Another Aspect Of Vpns Built Into Ipv6 Is Qos (Quality Of Service). Ipv6 Supports The Same Qos Features As Ipv4, Including The Diffserv Indication, As Well As A New 20-Bit Traffic Flow Field. Although The Use Of This Part Of Ipv6 Is Not Defined, It Is Provided As A Solid Base To Build Qos Protocols.
HOW IPV IS IT RELATED TO INTERNET?
Here In This Section It Will Be Reviewed That How Ipv6 Related To Internet2. In Addition To The Change From Ipv4 To Ipv6, There Is A Preparation To Put Into Practice A Newer, Extremely High-Speed Network That Will Wrap The United States, Connect Universities And Research Hubs At Broadcast Rates Up To A Gigabit Per Second. The Novel High-Speed Network Is Called Internet.
Internet2's Inventors Plan To Give High-Speed Admission To Digital Images, Video, And Music, As Well As The Additional Traditional Text-Based Items. In Particular, Internet2 Has Targeted A Quantity Of Primary Application Regions, Counting Digital Libraries, Teleimmersion, And Virtual Laboratories.
A Digital Library Is An Electronic Representation Of Books, Periodicals, Papers, Art, Video, And Music. A Patron Accessing A Digital Library Can Quickly Retrieve Any Document, Using A Powerful Query Language. Even Art, Video, And Music Can Be Retrieved By Specifying One Or More Keywords That Describe The Contents Of The Work. Tele-Immersion Enables Users At Geographically Diverse Locations To Collabra In Real Time Within A Shared, Simulated Environment. The Technology Has Power Interactive Audio And Video Capabilities That Enable It To Make Users Feel Though They Are All In The Same Room.
Enabling All Above Mentioned Facilities More Efficiently Is Not Possible By Ipv4 Network. Due To Its Less Capacity And Not Having Innovative Features Like Ipv6, Here Important To Mention That Internet2 Utilizing Ipv6 Serves Generally. And Internet2 Can Provide Such Services Only By Ipv6. As In Pervious Section It Is Mentioned That It Provides More Security And Lot More Other Features More Efficiently. So People's Dream To Implement Internet2 Is Came True With The Help Of IP6. Here I Will Discuss Few Important Points About Ipv6 And Internet2 Collaboration.
• Internet2 Networks Solutions, Targeted To Educational Institutions, Help Deliver On That Commitment. It Can Build Consistent Networks That Tackle Complex Problems At Prices That Higher Education Customers, Especially Those Seeking To Combine Internet2 Connectivity Via Ipv6, Can Really Appreciate.
• Internet2 Applications, Enabling Video Collaboration Are Better To Implement By The Ipv6
• VOIP Wireless Services Are Relay Supported By Internet2 And These Services Are Better To Implement Via Ipv6.
• Now A Days Streaming Videos The Major Trend Over Internet Internet2 Was Developed To Efficiently Provide This Serves. Collaboration Of Ipv6 Is More Effectively Supported By Internet2 To Provide These Services.
• Firewall Features In Internet2 Are More Effecitly Fulfilled By Ipv6. Because Ipv6 Has More Better Network Security Features.
• Qos Is More Emphasized In Ipv6 So Providing Qos Through Internet2 Is More Efficient When It Combine With IPV6.
• Dynamic Host Configuring Is More Efficient In Ipv6 So Incorporating This Facility In Internet2 Can Be Better Supported.
WHAT MEASURES ARE IN PLACE OR ARE DEVELOPING TO ROLL-OUT INTERNET 2 AND IPV6 TO THE REST OF THE WORLD?
Most People In The Networking And Internet World Have Heard About Next-Generation Internet Protocol Ipv6 And Internet2, Which Will Replace The Highly Successful Ipv4, The Base Of The Internet As We Know It. Ipv6 And Internet2 Solves Various Ipv4 Challenges, So The Transition To Ipv6 And Internet2 Seams Quite Natural, But It Won't Be Easy. The Networking World Remains Quite Complacent With Ipv4 Because Numerous Interim Solutions To Its Problems Have Been Developed (Primarily NAT, Network Address Translation, To Overcome The Shortage Of Globally Unique IP Addresses). And Network Administrators Have Many Fears Of Replacing The Old With Not Just A Single Protocol (Including Complete Network Renumbering) But Also Related Protocols (Such As Routing Ones), Hardware, And Software Supporting Ipv6 And Internet.
However, The Time Will Come When The Transition Will Be Imminent. The Wise Network Administrators Have Already Started; They Run Their Corporate Or Academic Networks On The Basis Of Dual-Protocol Stacks (Ipv4 And Ipv6). For The Rest, The Time To Prepare And Learn The Deployment Details Is Now.
As A Complementary Action, The European Commission Calls For The Renewal Of The Mandate Of The "Ipv6 Task Force" As A Platform For Debate On Critical Issues Concerning The Deployment Of Ipv6.
Another Impediment To Ipv6 And Internet2 Adoption Has Been One Of The Ipv6 And Internet2 Community's Own Making: Extolling The Virtues Of Ipv6 Primarily From A Technical Perspective. While Ipv6 And Internet2 Offers A Number Of Technological Advancements, Such As A Larger Address Space, Auto Configuration, A More Robust Security Model For The Peer-To-Peer Environment, And Better Mobility Support, These Features Offered In A Technology Vacuum Have Not Resonated With Big Business. Both Business And Government Leaders Are Concerned About How Problems Are Resolved, How Revenue Is Generated, Or How To Build Efficiencies And Cost Savings Into Their Organization. Ipv6 And Internet2 Certainly Has The Ability To Help Deliver These Scenarios, But The Focus Of The Story Needs To Be The Solution – Not The Technology That Helped Deliver That Solution.
HOW WILL THIS AFFECT CONSUMERS, ADVERTISERS, GOVERNMENT/DEFENSE INSTITUTIONS?
Here In This I Will Explain The Need And Effect Of IPV6 And Internet2 On Consumers, Advertisers, Government/Defense Institutions:
• It Is An Extremely High Rate Network Urbanized By A Nonprofit Group Of Universities, Industry And Government To Rapidity The Trade Of Compound Information, By This There Performance Will Increase.
• It Will Boast The People To Serve Up A Research-Related Reason.
• Most Importantly, Making And Behind A Leading Edging Network Ability For The National Research Community,
• Directing Network Growth Efforts To Allow A New Age Group Of Applications To Completely Utilize The Network For More Positive And Efficient Way.
• Working To Quickly Relocate Novel Network Services And Applications To All Stages Of Educational Employ And To The Broader Internet Group Of People, Both Nationally And Internationally.
• Generating A National Network Kept For Research & Education Use Will Make It Better.
• Enable New Types Of Network Applications For All People On The Network Are They Belong To Of Universities, Industry Or Government.
• Transfer The New Technology To The Public Will Gave Them To Power To Access The Data And Knowledge More Better Way.
UNDERSTAND ABOUT IPv6 ADDRESSING
IPV6 ADDRESSES ARE 128-BIT HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS :
The Ipv4 Addresses We Are All Used To Seeing Are Made Up Of Four Numerical Octets That Combine To Form A 32-Bit Address. Ipv6 Addresses Look Nothing Like Ipv4 Addresses. Ipv6 Addresses Are 128 Bits In Length And Are Made Up Of Hexadecimal Characters.
In Ipv4, Each Octet Consists Of A Decimal Number Ranging From 0 To 255. These Numbers Are Typically Separated By Periods. In Ipv6, Addresses Are Expressed As A Series Of Eight 4-Character Hexadecimal Numbers, Which Represent 16 Bits Each (For A Total Of 128 Bits). As We’ll See In A Minute, Ipv6 Addresses Can Sometimes Be Abbreviated In A Way That Allows Them To Be Expressed With Fewer Characters.
LINK LOCAL UNICAST ADDRESSES ARE EASY TO IDENTIFY
Ipv6 Reserves Certain Headers For Different Types Of Addresses. Probably The Best Known Example Of This Is That Link Local Unicast Addresses Always Begin With FE80. Similarly, Multicast Addresses Always Begin With FF0x, Where The X Is A Placeholder Representing A Number From 1 To 8.
LEADING ZEROS ARE SUPPRESSED :
Because Of Their Long Bit Lengths, Ipv6 Addresses Tend To Contain A Lot Of Zeros. When A Section Of An Address Starts With One Or More Zeros, Those Zeros Are Nothing More Than Placeholders. So Any Leading Zeros Can Be Suppressed. To Get A Better Idea Of What I Mean, Look At This Address:
FE80:CD00:0000:0CDE:1257:0000:211E:729C
If This Were A Real Address, Any Leading Zero Within A Section Could Be Suppressed. The Result Would Look Like This:
FE80:CD00:0:CDE:1257:0:211E:729C
As You Can See, Suppressing Leading Zeros Goes A Long Way Toward Shortening The Address.
INLINE ZEROS CAN SOMETIMES BE SUPPRESSED:
Real Ipv6 Addresses Tend To Contain Long Sections Of Nothing But Zeros, Which Can Also Be Suppressed. For Example, Consider The Address Shown Below:
FE80:CD00:0000:0000:0000:0000:211E:729C
In This Address, There Are Four Sequential Sections Separated By Zeros. Rather Than Simply Suppressing The Leading Zeros, You Can Get Rid Of All Of The Sequential Zeros And Replace Them With Two Colons. The Two Colons Tell The Operating System That Everything In Between Them Is A Zero. The Address Shown Above Then Becomes:
FE80:CD00::211E:729C
You Must Remember Two Things About Inline Zero Suppression. First, You Can Suppress A Section Only If It Contains Nothing But Zeros. For Example, You Will Notice That The Second Part Of The Address Shown Above Still Contains Some Trailing Zeros. Those Zeros Were Retained Because There Are Non-Zero Characters In The Section. Second, You Can Use The Double Colon Notation Only Once In Any Given Address.
LOOPBACK ADDRESSES DON’T EVEN LOOK LIKE ADDRESSES:
In Ipv4, A Designated Address Known As A Loopback Address Points To The Local Machine. The Loopback Address For Any Ipv4-Enabled Device Is 127.0.0.1.
Like Ipv4, There Is Also A Designated Loopback Address For Ipv6:
0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001
Once All Of The Zeros Have Been Suppressed, However, The Ipv6 Loopback Address Doesn’t Even Look Like A Valid Address. The Loopback Address Is Usually Expressed As ::1.
YOU DON’T NEED A TRADITIONAL SUBNET MASK:
In Ipv4, Every IP Address Comes With A Corresponding Subnet Mask. Ipv6 Also Uses Subnets, But The Subnet ID Is Built Into The Address.
In An Ipv6 Address, The First 48 Bits Are The Network Prefix. The Next 16 Bits Are The Subnet ID And Are Used For Defining Subnets. The Last 64 Bits Are The Interface Identifier (Which Is Also Known As The Interface ID Or The Device ID).
If Necessary, The Bits That Are Normally Reserved For The Device ID Can Be Used For Additional Subnet Masking. However, This Is Normally Not Necessary, As Using A 16-Bit Subnet And A 64-Bit Device ID Provides For 65,535 Subnets With Quintillions Of Possible Device Ids Per Subnet. Still, Some Organizations Are Already Going Beyond 16-Bit Subnet Ids.
DNS IS STILL A VALID TECHNOLOGY:
In Ipv4, Host (A) Records Are Used To Map An IP Address To A Host Name. DNS Is Still Used In Ipv6, But Host (A) Records Are Not Used By Ipv6 Addresses. Instead, Ipv6 Uses AAAA Resource Records, Which Are Sometimes Referred To As Quad A Records. The Domain Ip6.Arpa Is Used For Reverse Hostname Resolution.
IPV6 CAN TUNNEL ITS WAY ACROSS IPV4 NETWORKS:
One Of The Things That Has Caused Ipv6 Adoption To Take So Long Is That Ipv6 Is Not Generally Compatible With Ipv4 Networks. As A Result, A Number Of Transition Technologies Use Tunneling To Facilitate Cross Network Compatibility. Two Such Technologies Are Teredo And 6to4. Although These Technologies Work In Different Ways, The Basic Idea Is That Both Encapsulate Ipv6 Packets Inside Ipv4 Packets. That Way, Ipv6 Traffic Can Flow Across An Ipv4 Network. Keep In Mind, However, That Tunnel Endpoints Are Required On Both Ends To Encapsulate And Extract The Ipv6 Packets.
YOU MIGHT ALREADY BE USING IPV6:
Beginning With Windows Vista, Microsoft Began Installing And Enabling Ipv6 By Default. Because The Windows Implementation Of Ipv6 Is Self-Configuring, Your Computers Could Be Broadcasting Ipv6 Traffic Without Your Even Knowing It. Of Course, This Doesn’t Necessarily Mean That You Can Abandon Ipv4. Not All Switches And Routers Support Ipv6, Just As Some Applications Contain Hard-Coded References To Ipv4 Addresses.
WINDOWS DOESN’T FULLY SUPPORT IPV6:
It’s Kind Of Ironic, But As Hard As Microsoft Has Been Pushing Ipv6 Adoption, Windows Does Not Fully Support Ipv6 In All The Ways You Might Expect. For Example, In Windows, It Is Possible To Include An IP Address Within A Universal Naming Convention (\\127.0.0.1\C$, For Example). However, You Can’t Do This With Ipv6 Addresses Because When Windows Sees A Colon, It Assumes You’re Referencing A Drive Letter.
To Work Around This Issue, Microsoft Has Established A Special Domain For Ipv6 Address Translation. If You Want To Include An Ipv6 Address Within A Universal Naming Convention, You Must Replace The Colons With Dashes And Append .Ipv6.Literal.Net To The End Of The Address — For Example, FE80-AB00–200D-617B.Ipv6.Literal.Net
CONCLUSION:
The Goal Of This Article Is To Give An Easy Way To Understand The IPv6 Hope This Article Will Help Every Beginners Who Are Going To Start Cisco Lab Practice Without Any Doubts. Thank You And Best Of Luck.
This Article Written Author By: Premakumar Thevathasan. CCNA, CCNP, CCIP, MCSE, MCSA, MCSA - MSG, CIW Security Analyst, CompTIA Certified A+.
DISCLAIMER:
This Document Carries No Explicit Or Implied Warranty. Nor Is There Any Guarantee That The Information Contained In This Document Is Accurate. Every Effort Has Been Made To Make All Articles As Complete And As Accurate As Possible.
It Is Offered In The Hopes Of Helping Others, But You Use It At Your Own Risk. The Author Will Not Be Liable For Any Special, Incidental, Consequential Or Indirect Any Damages Due To Loss Of Data Or Any Other Reason That Occur As A Result Of Using This Document. But No Warranty Or Fitness Is Implied. The Information Provided Is On An "As Is" Basic. All Use Is Completely At Your Own Risk.
No comments:
Post a Comment