IPV6 QUICK REFERENCE WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWER:
IPV6 QUICK REFERENCE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER
Some Topics That You Might Want To Pursue On Your Own That We Did Not Cover In This Article Are Listed Here. This Article Will Help You In Understanding IPv6 And Associated With IPv6 References Questions And Answer.
The IPv6 Address Model Is Specified In RFC 4291 – IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture. IPv6 Uses A 128-Bit Address Instead Of The 32-Bit Address Of IPv4. Its Original Name IP Next Generation (IPng) Was Soon Replaced By IP Version 6 Which Is Now The Definitive Name.
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Is The Latest Revision Of The Internet Protocol (IP) And The First Version Of The Protocol To Be Widely Deployed. IPv6 Was Developed By The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) To Deal With The Long-Anticipated Problem Of IPv4 Address Exhaustion.
THE IPV6 ADDRESS PROVIDES FLEXIBILITY AND SCALABILITY
:
◙ - ➤ It Allows Multilevel Subnetting And Allocation From A Global Backbone To An Individual Subnet Within An Organization.
◙ - ➤ It Improves Multicast Scalability And Efficiency Through Scope Constraints.
◙ - ➤ It Adds A New Address For Server Node Clusters, Where One Server Can Respond To A Request To A Group Of Nodes.
◙ - ➤ The Large IPv6 Address Space Is Organized Into A Hierarchical Structure To Reduce The Size Of Backbone Routing Tables.
◙ - ➤ Provides Built-In Authentication And Encryption Into The IPv6 Network Header.
◙ - ➤ Compatibility With IPv4 – Simplifies Address Migration, As IPv6 Is Backward-Compatible With IPv4
OTHER IMPORTANT FEATURES OF IPV6
:
Stateless Auto-Reconfiguration Of Hosts: This Feature Allows Ipv6 Host To Configure Automatically When Connected To A Routed Ipv6 Network.
Network-Layer Security:I Pv6 Implements Network-Layer Encryption And Authentication Via IPsec.
IPV6 ADDRESSES ARE REPRESENTED IN THE FORM OF EIGHT HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS DIVIDED BY COLONS, For Example:
✓ FE80:0000:0000:0000:0001:0800:23E:F5DB
TO SHORTEN THE NOTATION OF ADDRESSES, LEADING ZEROES IN ANY OF THE GROUPS CAN BE OMITTED, For Example:
✓ FE80:0:0:0:1:800:23E7:F5DB
FINALLY, A GROUP OF ALL ZEROES, OR CONSECUTIVE GROUPS OF ALL ZEROES, CAN BE SUBSTITUTED BY A DOUBLE COLON, For Example:
✓ FE80::1:800:23E7:F5DB
IPV6 ADDRESS STRUCTURE
An IPv6 Address Is Made Of 128 Bits Divided Into Eight 16-Bits Blocks. Each Block Is Then Converted Into 4-Digit Hexadecimal Numbers Separated By Colon Symbol. The Hexadecimal Values Of An IPv6 Address Are Not Case-Sensitive.
For Example, The Below Is 128 Bit IPv6 Address Represented In Binary Format And Divided Into Eight 16-Bits Blocks:
0010000000000001 0000000000000000 0011001000110100 1101111111100001
0000000001100011 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 1111111011111011
EACH BLOCK IS THEN CONVERTED INTO HEXADECIMAL AND SEPARATED BY ‘:’ SYMBOL:
✓ 2001:0000:3238:DFE1:0063:0000:0000:FEFB
EVEN AFTER CONVERTING INTO HEXADECIMAL FORMAT, IPV6 ADDRESS REMAINS LONG. IPV6 PROVIDES SOME RULES TO SHORTEN THE ADDRESS. THESE RULES ARE:
RULE:1 DISCARD LEADING ZERO(ES):
In Block 5, 0063, The Leading Two 0s Can Be Omitted, Such As (5th Block):
✓ 2001:0000:3238:DFE1:63:0000:0000:FEFB
RULE:2 IF TWO OF MORE BLOCKS CONTAINS CONSECUTIVE ZEROES, OMIT THEM ALL AND REPLACE WITH DOUBLE COLON SIGN ::, SUCH AS (6TH AND 7TH BLOCK):
✓ 2001:0000:3238:DFE1:63::FEFB
CONSECUTIVE BLOCKS OF ZEROES CAN BE REPLACED ONLY ONCE BY :: SO IF THERE ARE STILL BLOCKS OF ZEROES IN THE ADDRESS THEY CAN BE SHRINK DOWN TO SINGLE ZERO, SUCH AS (2ND BLOCK):
✓ 2001:0:3238:DFE1:63::FEFB
SYNTAX OF IPV6 :
IPv6-Address/Prefix-Length
WHERE:
+ IPV6-Address Is The 128-Bit IPv6 Address
+ /Prefix-Length Is A Decimal Value Representing How Many Of The Left Most Contiguous Bits Of The Address Comprise The Prefix.
Let’s Analyze An Example:
✓ 2001:C:7:ABCD::1/64 Is Really
✓ 2001:000C:0007:ABCD:0000:0000:0000:0001/64
+ The first 64-bits 2001:000C:0007:ABCD Is The Address Prefix
+ The last 64-bits 0000:0000:0000:0001 Is The Interface ID
+ /64 Is The Prefix Length (/64 Is Well-Known And Also The Prefix Length In Most Cases)
Notice The Double Colons (::).We Can Only Condense One Set Of Contiguous Zero Fields. Thus, If We Had The Following Address:
F12F:0000:0000:CC1E:2412:0000:0000:3333
We Could Not Condense That To: F12F::CC1E:2412::3333
The Address Would Now Be Ambiguous, As We Wouldn’t Know How Many “0” Fields Were Compacted In Each Spot. Remember That We Can Only Use One Set Of Double Colons In An IPv6 Address!
IPV6 PREFIX
:
IPv4 Utilizes A Subnet Mask To Define The Network “Prefix” And “Host”
Portions Of An Address. This Subnet Mask Can Also Be Represented In Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Format.
IPv6 Always Use CIDR Notation To Determine What Bits Notate The Prefix Of An Address:
Full Address: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14:123:1111:2222:3333/64
Prefix ID: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14:
Host ID: 123:1111:2222:3333
The /64 Indicates That The First 64 Bits Of This Address Identify The Prefix.
INTERFACE ID:
IPv6 Has Three Different Type Of Unicast Address Scheme. The Second Half Of The Address (Last 64 Bits) Is Always Used For Interface ID. MAC Address Of A System Is Composed Of 48-Bits And Represented In Hexadecimal.
MAC Address Is Considered To Be Uniquely Assigned Worldwide. Interface ID Takes Advantage Of This Uniqueness Of MAC Addresses. A Host Can Auto-Configure Its Interface ID By Using IEEE’s Extended Unique Identifier (EUI-64) Format.
First, A Host Divides Its Own MAC Address Into Two 24-Bits Halves. Then 16-Bit Hex Value 0xfffe Is Sandwiched Into Those Two Halves Of MAC Address, Resulting In 64-Bit Interface ID.
Consider The Following MAC Address: 1111.2222.3333. The First 24 Bits, The Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI), Identify The Manufacturer. The Last 24 Bits Uniquely Identify The Host.
TO CONVERT THIS TO EUI-64 FORMAT:
1. The First 24 Bits Of The MAC (The OUI), Become The First 24 Bits Of
The EUI-64 Formatted Interface ID.
2. The Seventh Bit Of The OUI Is Changed From A “0” To A “1”.
3. The Next 16 Bits Of The Interface ID Are FFFE.
4. The Last 24 Bits Of The MAC (The Host ID), Become The Last 24 Bits Of
The Interface ID.
The MAC Address 1111.2222.3333 In EUI-64 Format Would Become
1311:22FF:FE22:3333, Which Becomes The Interface ID.
TYPES OF IPV6 ADDRESSES
UNICAST:
◙-◙ Address of a single interface
◙-◙ Delivery to single interface
A Unicast Address Is An Identifier Assigned To A Single Interface. Packets Sent To That Address Will Only Be Delivered To That Interface.
MULTICAST:
◙-◙ Address of a set of interfaces
◙-◙ Delivery to all interfaces in the set
A Multicast Address Is An Identifier Assigned To A Set Of Interfaces On Multiple Hosts. Packets Sent To That Address Will Be Delivered To All Interfaces Corresponding To That Address.
ANYCAST:
◙-◙ Address of a set of interfaces
◙-◙ Delivery to a single interface in the set
◙-◙ No more broadcast addresses
An Anycast Address Is A Special Type Of Unicast Address That Is Assigned To
Interfaces On Multiple Hosts. Packets Sent To Such An Address Will Be Delivered To The Nearest Interface With That Address. Routers Determine The Nearest Interface Based Upon Their Definition Of Distance,
The Address Space That Has Been Allocated Is Organized Into Several Types, Determined By The High-Order Bits Of The First Field:
Special Addresses – Addresses Begin 00xx:
Link Local – Addresses Begin FE8x:
Site Local – Addresses Begin FECx:
Aggregate Global – Addresses Begin 2xxx: or 3xxx:
Multicasts – Addresses Begin FFxx:
Anycasts - Anycast Addresses Identify A Group Of Interfaces On Multiple Hosts. Thus, Multiple Hosts Are Configured With An Identical Address. Packets Sent To An Anycast Address Are Sent To The Nearest
Note: An “X” Indicates The Value Can Be Any Hexadecimal Number.
There Are No Broadcast Addresses In IPv6. Thus, Any Ipv6 Address That Is Not A Multicast Is A Unicast Address.
SPECIAL (RESERVED) IPV6 ADDRESSES
The First Field Of A Reserved Or Special IPv6 Address Will Always Begin 00xx. Reserved Addresses Represent 1/256th Of The Available IPv6 Address Space.
LOOPBACK ADDRESS (::1)
:
◙ - ➤ Loopback Address (::1): This Address Is Assigned To A Virtual Interface Over Which A Host Can Send Packets Only To Itself. 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 (Or ::1) – Is The Loopback Or Localhost Address. It Is The Equivalent Of The Ipv4 127.0.0.1 Address.
UNSPECIFIED OR UNKNOWN ADDRESS 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 (or ::)
:
◙ - ➤ Unspecified Address (::):This Address Is Used As A Source Address By Hosts While Performing Autoconfiguration. 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 (Or ::) – Is An Unspecified Or Unknown Address. It Is The Equivalent Of The IPv4 0.0.0.0 Address, Which Indicates The Absence Of A Configured Or Assigned Address. In Routing Tables, The Unspecified Address Is Used To Identify All Or Any Possible Hosts Or Networks.
RESERVED ADDRESSES - IPV4 AND IPV6 COMPATIBILITY
IPV4-MAPPED IPV6 ADDRESS
:
IPv4-Compatible Address (::): Addresses Of This Kind Are Used When IPv6 Traffic Needs To Be Tunneled Across Existing Ipv4 Networks. The Endpoint Of Such Tunnels Can Be Either Hosts (Automatic Tunneling) Or Routers (Configured Tunneling). IPv4-Compatible Addresses Are Formed By Placing 96 Bits Of Zero In Front Of A Valid 32-Bit IPv4 Address.
For Example, The Address 1.2.3.4 (Hex 01.02.03.04) Becomes ::0102:0304.
IPv4-Mapped Address (::FFFF:): Two Types Of Addresses Can Be Used For IPv4 Embedding, IPv4-Compatible IPv6 Addresses, And IPv4-Mapped IPv6 Addresses.
Addresses Of This Kind Are Used When An IPv6 Host Needs To Communicate With An IPv4 Host. This Requires A Dual Stack Host Or Router For Header Translations.
For Example, If An IPv6 Node Wants To Send Data To Host With An IPv4 Address Of 1.2.3.4, It Uses A Destination Address Of ::FFFF:0102:0304.
✓ 0:0:0:0:0:0:A.B.C.D (Or ::A.B.C.D) – Is An Ipv4-Compatible IPv6 Address. This Address Is Used On Devices That Support Both Ipv4 And Ipv6. A Prefix Of /96 Is Used For Ipv4-Compatible Ipv6 Addresses:
::192.168.1.1/96
✓ 0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:a.b.c.d (or ::FFFF:a.b.c.d) – is an IPv4- Mapped IPv6 Address. This Address Is Used By Ipv6 Routers And Devices To Identify Non-IPv6 Capable Devices. Again, A Prefix Of /96 Is Used For IPv4-Mapped Ipv6 Addresses:
::FFFF:192.168.1.1/96
LINK-LOCAL IPV6 ADDRESSES
:
Link-Local Address: Addresses Of This Kind Can Be Used Only On The Physical Network That To Which A Host's Interface Is Attached. Link-Local IPv6 Addresses Are Used Only On A Single Link (Subnet). Any Packet That Contains A Link-Local Source Or Destination Address Is Never Routed To Another Link. Every IPv6-Enabled Interface On A Host (Or Router) Is Assigned A Link-Local Address. This Address Can Be Manually Assigned, Or Auto-Configured.
The First Field Of A Link-Local Ipv6 Address Will Always Begin FE8x (1111
1110 10). Link-Local Addresses Are Unicasts, And Represent 1/1024th Of The
Available Ipv6 Address Space. A Prefix Of /10 Is Used For Link-Local Addresses.
FE80::1311:22FF:FE22:3333/10
THERE IS NO HIERARCHY TO A LINK-LOCAL ADDRESS:
The First 10 Bits Are Fixed (FE8), Known As The Format Prefix (FP).
The Next 54 Bits Are Set To 0.
The Final 64 Bits Are Used As The Interface ID.
SITE LOCAL IPV6 ADDRESSES
:
Site-Local Address: Addresses Of This Kind Cannot Be Routed Into The Internet. They Are The Equivalent Of IPv4 Networks For Private Use (10.0.0.0,176.16.0.0-176.31.0.0, 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.0). Site-Local Addresses Can Be Routed Within A Site Or Organization, But Cannot Be Globally Routed On The Internet. Multiple Private Subnets Within A “Site” Are Allowed.
The First Field Of A Site-Local IPv6 Address Will Always Begin FECx (1111
1110 11). Site-Local Addresses Are Unicasts, And Represent 1/1024th Of The
Available Ipv6 Address Space.
FEC0::2731:E2FF:FE96:C283/64
SITE-LOCAL ADDRESSES DO ADHERE TO A HIERARCHY:
The First 10 Bits Are The Fixed FP (FEC).
The Next 38 Bits Are Set To 0.
The Next 16 Bits Are Used To Identify The Private Subnet ID.
The Final 64 Bits Are Used As The Interface ID.
TO IDENTIFY TWO SEPARATE SUBNETS (1111 AND 2222):
FEC0::1111:2731:E2FF:FE96:C283/64
FEC0::2222:97A4:E2FF:FE1C:E2D1/64
GLOBAL UNICAST ADDRESS FORMAT
:
IPv6 Unicast Addresses Are Aggregatable With Prefixes Of Arbitrary Bit-Length,
Similar To IPv4 Addresses Under Classless Inter-Domain Routing. The Latest Global Unicast Address Format, As Specified In RFC 3587 – IPv6 Address Architecture And RFC 4291 – IPv6 Global Unicast Address Format, Is Expected To Become The Predominant Format Used For IPv6 Nodes Connected To The Internet.
Aggregate Global IPv6 Addresses Are The Equivalent Of “Public” IPv4
Addresses. Aggregate Global Addresses Can Be Routed Publicly On The Internet.
Any Device Or Site That Wishes To Traverse The Internet Must Be Uniquely
Identified With An Aggregate Global Address.
Currently, The First Field Of An Aggregate Global Ipv6 Address Will Always
Begin 2xxx (001). Aggregate Global Addresses Are Unicasts, And Represent
1/8th Of The Available Ipv6 Address Space.
2000::2731:E2FF:FE96:C283/64
MULTICAST IPV6 ADDRESSES
:
Multicast IPv6 Addresses Are The Equivalent Of Ipv4 Multicast Addresses.
Interfaces Can Belong To One Or More Multicast Groups. Interfaces Will Accept
A Multicast Packet Only If They Belong To That Group. Multicasting Provides A
Much More Efficient Mechanism Than Broadcasting, Which Requires That
Every Host On A Link Accept And Process Each Broadcast Packet.
The First Field Of A Multicast Ipv6 Address Will Always Begin FFxx (1111
1111). The Full Multicast Range Is FF00 Through FFFF. Multicasts Represent
1/256th Of The Available Ipv6 Address Space.
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
MULTICAST ADDRESSES FOLLOW A SPECIFIC FORMAT:
• The First 8 Bits Identify The Address As A Multicast (1111 1111)
• The Next 4 Bits Are A Flag Value. If The Flag Is Set To All Zeroes (0000),
•The Multicast Address Is Considered Well-Known.
• The Next 4 Bits Are A Scope Value:
0000 (0) = Reserved
0001 (1) = Node Local Scope
0010 (2) = Link Local Scope
0101 (5) = Site Local Scope
1000 (8) = Organization Local Scope
1110 (E) = Global Scope
1111 (F) = Reserved
• The Final 112 Bits Identify The Actual Multicast Group.
IPv4 Multicast Addresses Had No Mechanism To Support Multiple “Scopes.”
IPv6 Scopes Allow For A Multicast Hierarchy, A Way To Contain Multicast
Traffic.
Common IPv6 Multicast Addresses
The following is a list of common, well-known IPv6 multicast addresses:
Node-Local Scope Multicast Addresses:
FF01::1 – All-nodes address
FF01::2 – All-routers address
LINK-LOCAL SCOPE MULTICAST ADDRESSES:
FF02::1 – All-nodes address
FF02::2 – All-routers address
FF02::5 – OSPFv3 (OSPF IPv6) All SPF Routers
FF02::6 – OSPFv3 Designated Routers
FF02::9 – RIPng Routers
FF02::13 – PIM Routers
SITE-LOCAL SCOPE MULTICAST ADDRESSES:
FF05::2 – All-routers address
All Hosts Must Join The All-Nodes Multicast Group, For Both The Node-Local
And Link-Local Scopes. All Routers Must Join The All-Routers Multicast Group,
For The Node-Local, Link-Local, And Site-Local Scopes.
Every Site-Local And Aggregate Global Address Is Assigned A Solicited-Node
Multicast Address.
This Solicited-Node Address Is Created By Appending The Last 24 Bits Of The Interface ID To The Following Prefix: FF02::1:FF/103. Thus, If You Have A Site-Local Address Of:
FEC0::1111:2731:E2FF:FE96:C283
The corresponding solicited-node multicast address would be:
FF02::1:FF96:C283
Solicited-Node Multicast Addresses Are Most Often Used For Neighbor
Discovery (Covered In An Upcoming Section In This Guide).
| Special Addresses |
| ::1 | Loopback |
| :: | Unknown Address (similar to 0.0.0.0 in IPv4) |
| Prefixes |
| 2000::/3 | Global unicast (Public) |
| FD00::/8 | Unique Local (Private) |
| FE80::/10 | Link Local |
| FF00::/8 | Multicast |
| FF02::/16 | Subnet only Multicast |
| Multicast Addresses (Subnet limited) |
| FF02::1 | All Hosts (replace broadcast) |
| FF02::2 | All routers |
| FF02::5,FF02::6 | OSPF |
| FF02::9 | RIP-2 |
| FF02::A | EIGRP |
| FF02::1:2 | DHCP relay agents |
IPV6 ADDRESSES URLS
:
Ipv6 Addresses Can Also Be Referenced In URLs (Uniform Resource Locator).
URL’s, However, Use The Colon To Represent A Specific TCP “Port”. This Is
Not An Issue With Ipv4 Addresses, Which Can Easily Be Referenced Using A
URL:
Http://192.168.1.1/Index.Html
Because IPv6 Fields Are Separated By Colons, The Ipv6 Address Must Be
Placed In Brackets, To Conform To The URL Standard:
Http://[FEC0::CC1E:2412:1111:2222:3333]/Index.Html
IPV6 ADDRESS HEADER
An Internet Protocol Version 6 (Ipv6) Data Packet Comprises Of Two Main Parts: The Header And The Payload. The First 40 Bytes/Octets (40x8 = 320 Bits) Of An Ipv6 Packet Comprise Of The Header (See Figure) That Contains The Following Fields:
Version (4-Bits): This Represents The Version Of Internet Protocol, I.E. 0110.
Traffic Class (8-Bits): These 8 Bits Are Divided Into Two Parts. Most Significant 6 Bits Are Used For Type Of Service, Which Tells The Router What Services Should Be Provided To This Packet. Least Significant 2 Bits Are Used For Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN).
Flow Label (20-Bits): This Label Is Used To Maintain The Sequential Flow Of The Packets Belonging To A Communication. The Source Labels The Sequence Which Helps The Router To Identify That This Packet Belongs To A Specific Flow Of Information. This Field Helps To Avoid Re-Ordering Of Data Packets. It Is Designed For Streaming/Real-Time Media.
Payload Length (16-Bits): This Field Is Used To Tell The Routers How Much Information This Packet Contains In Its Payload. Payload Is Composed Of Extension Headers And Upper Layer Data. With 16 Bits, Up To 65535 Bytes Can Be Indicated But If Extension Headers Contain Hop-By-Hop Extension Header Than Payload May Exceed 65535 Bytes And This Field Is Set To 0.
Next Header (8-Bits): This Field Is Used To Indicate Either The Type Of Extension Header, Or If Extension Header Is Not Present Then It Indicates The Upper Layer PDU. The Values For The Type Of Upper Layer PDU Is Same As IPv4’s.
Hop Limit (8-Bits): This Field Is Used To Stop Packet To Loop In The Network Infinitely. This Is Same As TTL In Ipv4. The Value Of Hop Limit Field Is Decremented By 1 As It Passes A Link (Router/Hop). When The Field Reaches 0 The Packet Is Discarded.
Source Address (128-Bits): This Field Indicates The Address Of Originator Of The Packet.
Destination Address (128-Bits): This Field Provides The Address Of Intended Recipient Of The Packet.
IPV6 ROUTING PROTOCOLS
RIPng: RIPng Stands For Routing Information Protocol Next Generation. This Is An Interior Routing Protocol And Is A Distance Vector Protocol. RIPng Has Been Upgraded To Support IPv6.
OSPFv3: Open Shortest Path First Version 3 Is An Interior Routing Protocol Which Is Modified To Support Ipv6. This Is A Link-State Protocol And Uses Djikrasta’s Shortest Path First Algorithm To Calculate Best Path To All Destinations.
BGPv4: BGP Stands For Border Gateway Protocol. It Is The Only Open Standard Exterior Gateway Protocol Available. BGP Is A Distance Vector Protocol Which Takes Autonomous System As Calculation Metric, Instead Of Number Of Routers As Hop. BGPv4 Is An Upgrade Of BGP To Support Ipv6 Routing.
IPV6 SUPPORT PROTOCOLS
ICMPv6: Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6 Is An Upgraded Implementation Of ICMP To Accommodate Ipv6 Requirements. This Protocol Is Used For Diagnostic Functions, Error And Information Message, Statistical Purposes. Icmpv6’s Neighbor Discovery Protocol Replaces ARP And Helps Discover Neighbor And Routers On The Link.
DHCPv6: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Version 6 Is An Implementation Of DHCP. Though Ipv6 Enabled Hosts Do Not Require Any Dhcpv6 Server To Acquire IP Address As They Can Be Auto-Configured. Neither Do They Need Dhcpv6 To Locate DNS Server Because DNS Can Be Discovered And Configured Via Icmpv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol. Yet Dhcpv6 Server Can Be Used To Provide These Information.
DNS: There Has Been No New Version Of DNS But It Is Now Equipped With Extensions To Provide Support For Querying Ipv6 Addresses. A New AAAA (Quad-A) Record Has Been Added To Reply Ipv6 Query Messages. Now DNS Can Reply With Both IP Versions (4 & 6) Without Any Change In Query Format.
NEIGHBOR DISCOVERY PROTOCOL (NDP) The Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) Provides A Multitude Of Services For IPv6 Enabled Devices, Including:
• Automatic Address Configuration, And Prefix Discovery
• Duplicate Address Detection
• MTU Discovery
• Router Discovery
• Address Resolution
NDP Replaces Many Ipv4 Specific Protocols, Such As DHCP And ARP. NDP
Utilizes ICMPv6 To Provide The Above Services.
Periodically, IPv6 Routers Send Out Router Advertisements (RA’s) To Both
Announce Their Presence On A Link, And To Provide Auto-Configuration
Information For Hosts. This RA (ICMP Packet Type 134) Is Sourced From The Link-Local Address Of The Sending Router, And Sent To The Link-Scope All-Nodes Multicast Group. The Sending Router Sets A Hop Limit Of 255 On A RA; However, The RA Packet Must Not Be Forwarded Outside The Local Link.
Hosts Use RA’s To Configure Themselves, And Add The Router To Its Local
Default Router List. A Host Can Request An RA By Sending Out A Router
Solicitation (RS, ICMP Packet Type 133) To The Link-Local All-Routers
Multicast Address. A RS Is Usually Sent When A Host Is Not Currently
Configured With An IP Address.
The RA Messages Contain The Following Information For Hosts:
• The Router’s Link-Layer Address (To Be Added To The Host’s Default
Router List)
• One Or More Network Prefixes
• A Lifetime (Measured In Seconds) For The Prefix(Es)
• The Link MTU
Routers Send Redirect Messages To Hosts, Indicating A Better Route To A
Destination. Hosts Can Have Multiple Routers In Its Default Router List, But One
Is Chosen As The True Default Router. If This Default Router Deems That Another Router Has A Better Route To The Destination, It Forwards The Redirect Message To The Sending Host.
Neighbor Solicitations (NS’s, ICMP Packet Type 135) Are Sent By Hosts To
Identify The Link-Layer Address Of A Neighbor, And Ensure Its Reachability. A
NS Message’s Source Address Is The Link-Local Address Of The Sending Host,
And The Destination Is The Solicited-Node Multicast Address Of The Destination
Host.
A Neighbor Will Reply To A NS With A Neighbor Advertisement (NA, ICMP
Packet Type 136). This Process Replaces The Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP) Used By IPv4, And Provides A Far More Efficient Means To Learn
Neighbor Address Information.
Hosts Additionally Use The NS Messages To Detect Duplicate Addresses.
Before A Host Assigns Itself An IPv6 Address, It Sends Out A NS To Ensure No
Other Host Is Configured With That Address.
AUTOCONFIGURATION OF HOSTS: Hosts Can Be Assigned Ipv6 Addresses One Of Two Ways: Manually, Or Using Autoconfiguration. Hosts Learn How To Autoconfigure Themselves From Router Advertisements (RA’s).
Two Types Of Autoconfiguration Exist, Stateless And Stateful.
When Using Stateless Autoconfiguration, A Host First Assigns Itself A Linklocal IPv6 Address. It Accomplishes This By Combining The Link-Local Prefix (FE8) With Its Interface ID (MAC Address In EUI-64 Format).
The Host Then Sends A Router Solicitation Multicast To The All-Routers
Multicast Address, Which Provides One Or More Network Prefixes. The Host
Combines These Prefixes With Its Interface ID To Create Its Site-Local (Or
Aggregate Global) IPv6 Addresses.
Stateful Autoconfiguration Is Used In Conjunction With Stateless
Autoconfiguration. Stateful Autoconfiguration Utilizes DHCPv6 To Provide
Additional Information To The Host, Such As DNS Servers. DHCPv6 Can Also
Be Used In The Event That There Is No Router On The Link, To Provide Stateless
Autoconfiguration.
IPV6 CONFIGURING EXAMPLES
IPv6 Support Is Disabled By Default On Cisco Routers, And Must Be Enabled
Globally:
Router(Config)# IPv6 Unicast-Routing
To Configure An Interface To Auto-Configure A Link-Local IPv6 Address:
Router(Config)# Interface E0
Router(Config-If)# IPv6 Enable
To Manually Configure A Site-Local IPv6 Address On An Interface:
Router(Config)# Interface E0
Router(Config-If)# IPv6 Address FEC0::/64 Eui-64
The EUI-64 Parameter Will Append Interface ID (MAC Address In EUI-64
Format) To The Site-Local Prefix. Otherwise, We Could Have Specified The Full
IPv6 Address:
Router(Config-If)# IPv6 Address FEC0::1:1234:23FF:FE21:1212 Eui-64
Recall That We Can Configure Multiple Subnets For Our Site-Local Address
Space:
Router(Config)# Interface E0
Router(Config-If)# IPv6 Address FEC0::2222:0:0:0:0/64 Eui-64
To Configure A Router Interface To Advertise A Specific Prefix To Hosts On The Link:
Router(Config)# Interface E0
Router(Config-If)# IPv6 Nd Prefix-Advertisement 2002:1111::/48 2000 1000 Onlink Autoconfig
The Router Will Advertise A Prefix Of 2002:1111::/48 With A Valid Lifetime Of 2000 Seconds And A Preferred Lifetime Of 1000 Seconds. The Clients Will
Autoconfig Themselves Based On This Prefix.
To View IPv6 Specific Information About An Interface:
Router# Show IPv6 Interface E0
To Create A Static Host Entry For An IPv6 Address:
Router(Config)# IPv6 Host MYHOST FEC0::1111:2731:E2FF:FE96:C283
IPV6 STATIC ROUTES
:
The Syntax To Configure An IPv6 Static Route Is Simple:
Router(Config)# IPv6 Route FEC0::2222/64 FEC0::1111:3E5F:2E5B:A3D1
The Above Command Creates An IPv6 Route To The FEC0::2222/64 Network, With A Next-Hop Of FEC0::1111:3E5F:2E5B:A3D1.
To Create An IPv6 Default Route:
Router(Config)# IPv6 Route ::/0 FE80::2
The Above Command Creates An IPv6 Default Route, With A Next Hop Of
FE80::2. The ::/0 Designation Indicates All Zeros In The Address Field, And A
Mask Of Zero Bits (The Unspecified Address).
To View The IPv6 Routing Table:
Router(Config)# Show IPv6 Route
IPv6 QUESTIONS & ANSWER
1. WHAT IS THE LENGTH OF AN IPV6 ADDRESS?
IPv6 Addresses Are 128 Bits In Length.
2. HOW ARE IPV6 ADDRESSES REPRESENTED?
IPv6 Addresses Are Represented As Eight 16-Bit Hexadecimal Segments Separated By Colons.
3. WHAT ARE THE TWO RULES FOR COMPACTING IPV6 ADDRESSES?
The Two Rules For Compacting IPv6 Addresses Are
A. The Leading Zeroes In Any 16-Bit Segment Do Not Have To Be Written.
B. Any Single, Continuous String Of One Or More 16-Bit Segments Consisting Of All Zeroes Can Be Represented With A Double Colon.
4. WHY IS IT ILLEGAL TO USE MORE THAN ONE DOUBLE COLON IN AN IPV6 ADDRESS?
Using More Than One Double Colon Ambiguates The Address; The Exact Length Of Each String Of Zeroes Cannot Be Determined.
5. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE IPV6 ADDRESSES ::/0 AND ::/128?
Both Addresses Are All Zeros. ::/0 Is The Default Address, Whereas ::/128 Is The Unspecified Address.
6. WHAT IS THE PART OF THE UNICAST IPV6 ADDRESS THAT SPECIFIES THE HOST, AND WHAT IS ITS LENGTH?
The Part Of A Unicast IPv6 Address That Specifies The Host Is The Interface ID, And It Is Usually 64 Bits In Length.
7. WHAT IS THE LENGTH OF THE SUBNET ID PORTION OF THE UNICAST IPV6 ADDRESS?
The Subnet ID Of The Unicast IPv6 Address Is 16 Bits Long.
8. IF THE FIRST 10 BITS OF AN IPV6 ADDRESS ARE FF80::/10, WHAT TYPE OF ADDRESS IS IT?
An IPv6 Address Beginning With Ff80::/10 Is A Link-Local Address.
9. WHAT TYPE OF ADDRESS IS 3FFE:204:100:90::1?
This Is A Global Unicast Address, Identified By The First Three Bits Of 001.
10. WHAT IS AN ANYCAST ADDRESS?
An Anycast Address Is An Address That Represents A Service Rather Than A Device, And Can Therefore Appear On More Than One Device.
11. WHAT IS A MULTICAST ADDRESS?
A Multicast Address Is An Address That Represents A Group Of Devices Rather Than A Single Device.
12. WHAT IS THE LENGTH OF THE IPV6 HEADER?
The IPv6 Header Is 40 Bytes In Length.
13. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE FLOW LABEL FIELD IN THE IPV6 HEADER?
The Flow Label Field, By Labeling Individual Flows (Packets With The Same Source And Destination Address And The Same Source And Destination Ports) In The Header, Is Intended To Allow Highly Granular Load Balancing Without Having To Pay A Performance Penalty From Having To Look Into The Packet Payload.
14. TO WHAT FIELD IN THE IPV4 HEADER DOES THE IPV6 NEXT HEADER FIELD CORRESPOND?
The IPv6 Next Header Field Corresponds To The Ipv4 Protocol Number Field. It Is Named Differently Because The Value Of The Field Might Specify A Following Protocol Header Or It Might Specify An IPv6 Extension Header.
15. TO WHAT FIELD IN THE IPV4 HEADER DOES THE IPV6 HOP LIMIT FIELD CORRESPOND?
The Hop Limit Field Corresponds To The Ipv4 Time To Live (TTL) Field. The Name Is Changed Because Routers Have Never Decremented The Field According To Transit Time; Rather, Every Transit Router Decrements The Field By 1, Marking A Hop Instead Of A Transit Time.
16. IN WHAT WAY IS THE IPV6 NEXT HEADER FIELD LIKE THE IPV4 PROTOCOL NUMBER FIELD, AND IN WHAT WAY IS IT DIFFERENT?
The IPv6 Next Header Field Is Like The IPv4 Protocol Number Field In That It Is An 8-Bit Field That Can, If The Next Header Is An Upper-Layer Protocol Header, Specify The Protocol Number. But It Is Different From The Protocol Number Field In That It Can Also Specify, If The Next Header Is An IPv6 Extension Header, That Header’s Type Number.
17. HOW DO EXTENSION HEADERS MAKE IPV6 PACKETS MORE EFFICIENT?
Extension Headers Make The IPv6 Header More Efficient By Being Specialized To Specific Functions And Only Being Included When The Specific Function Is Used.
18. WHAT IS THE NEXT HEADER VALUE OF ICMPV6?
The Next Header Value Of ICMPv6 (Corresponding To A Protocol Number) Is 58.
19. WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IPV4 FRAGMENTATION AND IPV6 FRAGMENTATION?
Aside From The Use Of The Fragment Extension Header, The Significant Difference Of IPv6 Fragmentation From Ipv4 Fragmentation Is That IPv6 Routers Do Not Fragment Packets. It Is Up To The Originating Host To Either Fragment Packets Or Ensure That No Packet It Originates Is Too Large.
20. WHAT ARE THE FIVE ICMPV6 MESSAGES USED BY THE NEIGHBOR DISCOVERY PROTOCOL?
The Five ICMPv6 Messages Used By NDP Are:
Router Solicitation (RS),
Router Advertisement (RA),
Neighbor Solicitation (NS),
Neighbor Advertisement (NA),
And Redirect.
21. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE M AND O FLAGS IN THE RA?
The M Flag, When Set, Tells Hosts To Use Dhcpv6 To Configure Its Address. The O Flag Tells Hosts To Used Dhcpv6 To Find Other Link Parameters.
22. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE REACHABLE TIME FIELD OF THE RA?
The Reachable Timer Field Specifies The Time, In Milliseconds, That A Node Should Assume A Neighbor Is Reachable After The Node Has Confirmed Reachability.
23. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE RETRANSMIT TIMER FIELD IN THE RA?
The Retransmit Timer Field Specifies The Period, In Milliseconds, That A Node Should Wait Between Successive Transmissions Of An NS.
24. WHAT IS INDICATED IF THE ROUTER LIFETIME FIELD IN THE RA IS SET TO 0?
A Router Lifetime Value Of 0 In The Ra Indicates That The Originating Router Should Not Be Added To A Host’s Default Router List.
25. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE AND EFFECT OF THE S FLAG IN THE NA?
The S Flag, When Set, Indicates That The Na Was Sent In Response To An Ns. Two-Way Reachability Is Confirmed, And A Neighbor Address Changed To Reachable State In The Neighbor Cache, Only If The Na Is In Response To A Solicitation; So The Reception Of An Na With The S Bit Cleared, Indicating That It Is Unsolicited, Does Not Change The State Of A Neighbor Cache Entry.
26. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATEFUL AND STATELESS ADDRESS AUTOCONFIGURATION?
Stateful Address Auto Configuration Relies On DHCPv6 To Allocate An Address To The Host. Stateless Address Auto Configuration Uses RAs To Determine A Prefix Of Larger Scope Than Link-Local, Plus Mac-To-EUI64 Conversion, To Determine A Host’s Address.
27. WHAT TWO STEPS DOES MAC-TO-EUI64 CONVERSION USE TO DERIVE AN INTERFACE ID?
Mac-To-Eui64 Conversion Inserts A Value Of 0xfffe In The Middle Of A Mac Address, Then Flips The U/L Bit To 1, To Create A 64-Bit Interface Id From A 48-Bit Mac Address.
28. WHEN A DEVICE ACQUIRES A UNICAST IPV6 ADDRESS IT MUST PERFORM DUPLICATE ADDRESS DETECTION, WITH ONE EXCEPTION. WHAT IS THAT EXCEPTION?
Duplicate Address Detection Must Never Be Performed On An Anycast Address.
29. WHAT DOES THE PREFIX FF02:0:0:0:0:1:FF00::/104 SIGNIFY?
The Prefix Ff02:0:0:0:0:1:Ff00::/104 Is Used For Solicited Node Multicast Addresses. It Is Prepended To The Last 24 Bits Of An Address That Is Being Solicited.
30. WHAT DOES IPV6 USE IN PLACE OF ARP AND AN ARP CACHE?
IPv6 Uses The NDP Function Neighbor Address Resolution Instead Of ARP, And A Neighbor Cache Instead Of An ARP Cache.
31. WHAT IS A PRIVACY ADDRESS?
A Privacy Address Is One In Which The Interface Id Is Randomly Generated, And Changed Both At Some Regular Period And Whenever A Host Acquires A New Prefix. It Is Used In Conjunction With An Autoconfigured Public Address To Ensure Anonymity Of The Host. The Public Address Is Used For Reachability, But The Private Address Is Used As The Source Address Of Any Packets The Host Originates.
32. WHAT DOES AN INCOMPLETE STATE OF AN ENTRY IN THE NEIGHBOR CACHE SIGNIFY?
An Incomplete State Indicates That Neighbor Address Resolution For The Entry Is In Progress.
33. WHAT DOES A PROBE STATE OF AN ENTRY IN THE NEIGHBOR CACHE SIGNIFY?
A Probe State Indicates That An Ns Has Been Sent To Verify Two-Way Reachability Of A Stale Entry, But A Responding Na Has Not Yet Been Received.
34. WHAT TWO WAYS DOES NEIGHBOR UNREACHABILITY DETECTION USE TO VERIFY TWO-WAY REACHABILITY OF A NEIGHBOR?
Neighbor Unreachability Detection Verifies Two-Way Reachability Of A Neighbor Either By “Hints” From An Upper-Layer Protocol That Has Received An Acknowledgment Of A Sent Message, Or By Actively Probing The Neighbor With An NS.
35. IN PRACTICAL IPV6 APPLICATION, THE ENCAPSULATION OF IPV6 PACKETS INSIDE IPV4 PACKETS IS CALLED WHAT?
Tunneling
Tunneling Provides A Way To Use An Existing Ipv4 Routing Infrastructure To Carry IPv6 Traffic.
Remember, Most Network Is Still Build On IPv4 Structure And IPv4 Is Not Going Away In A Hurry One Of The Many Techniques Used To Migrate To IPv6 Is Tunneling. Tunneling Is A Method That A Network Built On IPv4 Structure Can Be Configured To Traffic IPv6 Packet Simultaneously.
36. INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6 (IPV6) IS THE NEXT-GENERATION INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION DESIGNATED AS THE SUCCESSOR TO IPV4 BECAUSE IPV4 ADDRESS SPACE IS BEING EXHAUSTED. WHICH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING DESCRIPTIONS ABOUT IPV6 IS CORRECT?
Broadcasts Have Been Eliminated And Replaced With Multicasts.
The IPv6 Multicast Traffic Is Same As That Of IPv4 Broadcast. The Packet Intended To Multiple Hosts Is Sent On A Special IPv6 Multicast Address. Any Host Or Interface That Are Member Of That Multicast Address Will Receive The Multicast Information Or Packet And Process It.
37. WHAT IS THE MULTICAST FOR ALL-ROUTER MULTICAST ACCESS ?
FF02::2
FF02::2 Is An All-Router Multicast Address Access For All Hosts In A Particular Multicast Group.
38. WHICH THREE OF THE FOLLOWING ARE IPV6 TRANSITION MECHANISMS? (CHOOSE THREE)
6TO4 Tunneling
ISATAP Tunneling
TEREDO Tunneling
6TO4 TUNNELS: Just As The Name Suggest; A 6to4 Tunnel Enables IPv6 To Be Tunneled Via IPv4. This Sort Of Tunneling Is Automatically Set Up Using The 2002::/16 IPv6 Address Space.
This Mechanism Allows IPv6 Sites To Communicate With Each Other Over The IPv4 Network Without Explicit Tunnel Setup. The Main Advantage Of This Technology Is That It Requires No End-Node Reconfiguration And Minimal Router Configuration But It Is Not Intended As A Permanent Solution.
INTRA-SITE AUTOMATIC TUNNEL ADDRESSING PROTOCOL (ISATAP) TUNNELS: This Another Type Of Tunnelling Method That When Used, It Enables The Transportation Of IPv6 Traffic Over IPv4; This Type Of ISATAP Method Is Meant For Use Inside A Site And Not Between Two Dual Stacked Edge Devices. The Trafficking Of Packets Between IPv6 Hosts Is Handled Through A Central Ipv6 Enabled Device.
ISATAP Is A Mechanism For Transmitting IPv6 Packets Over IPv4 Network. The Word “Automatic” Means That Once An ISATAP Server/Router Has Been Set Up, Only The Clients Must Be Configured To Connect To It.
TEREDO Tunneling: This Mechanism Tunnels IPv6 Datagrams Within IPv4 UDP Datagrams, Allowing Private Ipv4 Address And Ipv4 NAT Traversal To Be Used.
In Fact,
GRE Tunneling Is Also A IPv6 Transition Mechanism But Is Not Mentioned In ROUTE So We Shouldn’t Choose It
(There Are 4 Types Of IPv6 Transition Mechanisms Mentioned In ROUTE; They Are: Manual(GRE), 6-To-4, Teredo And ISATAP).
Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) IPv6 Tunnels: GRE Is A Cisco Proprietary Protocol That Was Developed For The Purposes Of IPv6 Tunneling. It Operates Very Much The Same As Manual Tunnels.
GRE Is Specially Used To Tunnel Over A Diverse Number Of Network Layer Protocols Other Than IPv4. The GRE Tunnel Can Be Used To Tunnel IPv6 Over IPv4 Vice Versa.
Overlay Tunneling Encapsulates IPv6 Packets In IPv4 Packets For Delivery Across An IPv4 Infrastructure. This Is Similar To How You Create A Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) Tunnel To Transport Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) Traffic Through An IP Network.
Cisco IOS IPv6 Supports The Following Types Of Overlay Tunneling Mechanisms:
• Manual
• Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)
• IPv4-Compatible
• 6to4
• Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP)
Table Suggested Usage Of Tunnel Types To Carry Ipv6 Packets Over An Ipv4 Network
Tunneling Type
|
Suggested Usage
|
Usage Notes
|
Manual
|
Simple point-to-point tunnels that can be used within a site or between sites
|
Can carry IPv6 packets only.
|
GRE- and IPv4-
compatible
|
Simple point-to-point tunnels that can be used within a site or between sites
|
Can carry IPv6, Connectionless Network Service (CLNS), and many other types of packets.
|
IPv4-
compatible
|
Point-to-multipoint tunnels
|
Uses the ::/96 prefix. We do not recommend using this tunnel type.
|
6to4
|
Point-to-multipoint tunnels that can be used to connect isolated IPv6 sites
|
Sites use addresses from the 2002::/16 prefix.
|
ISATAP
|
Point-to-multipoint tunnels that can be used to connect systems within a site
|
Sites can use any IPv6 unicast addresses.
|
39. IN THE IPV6 ADDRESS STRUCTURE, HOW MANY BITS ARE INCLUDED IN EACH FIELD?
128
The Format Of Ipv6 Address Looks Like This: 210A:0197:190F:005a:0000:082C:875A:132c.Each Field Separated By The Colon (:) Is 16-Bit Hexadecimal Values, In All; You Have 8 Sets Of 4 Hexadecimal Digits.
40. WHICH TWO OF THESE STATEMENTS ARE TRUE OF IPV6 ADDRESS REPRESENTATION? (CHOOSE TWO)
A Single Interface May Be Assigned Multiple IPV6 Addresses Of Any Type.
Every IPV6 Interface Contains At Least One Loopback Address.
SUMMARY OF IPV6
IPv6 Addresses Are Denoted By Eight Groups Of Hexadecimal Quartets Separated By Colons In Between Them.
FOLLOWING IS AN EXAMPLE OF A VALID IPV6 ADDRESS:
2001:cdba:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9652
Any Four-Digit Group Of Zeroes Within An IPv6 Address May Be Reduced To A Single Zero Or Altogether Omitted. Therefore, The Following Ipv6 Addresses Are Similar And Equally Valid:
2001:cdba:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9652
2001:cdba:0:0:0:0:3257:9652
2001:cdba::3257:9652
THE URL FOR THE ABOVE ADDRESS WILL BE OF THE FORM:
http://[2001:cdba:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9652]/
SPECIAL ADDRESSES IN IPV6
:
◙ ::/96 The Zero Prefix Denotes Addresses That Are Compatible With The Previously Used Ipv4 Protocol.
◙ ::/128 An Ipv6 Address With All Zeroes In It Is Referred To As An Unspecified Address And Is Used For Addressing Purposes Within A Software.
◙ ::1/128 This Is Called The Loop Back Address And Is Used To Refer To The Local Host. An Application Sending A Packet To This Address Will Get The Packet Back After It Is Looped Back By The IPv6 Stack. The Local Host Address In The IPv4 Was 127.0.0.1.
◙ 2001:db8::/32 This Is A Documentation Prefix Allowed In The IPv6. All The Examples Of IPv6 Addresses Should Ideally Use This Prefix To Indicate That It Is An Example.
◙ fec0::/10 This Is A Site-Local Prefix Offered By IPv6. This Address Prefix Signifies That The Address Is Valid Only Within The Local Organization. Subsequently, The Usage Of This Prefix Has Been Discouraged By The RFC.
◙ fc00::/7 This Is Called The Unique Local Address (ULA). These Addresses Are Routed Only Within A Set Of Cooperating Sites. These Were Introduced In The IPv6 To Replace The Site-Local Addresses. These Addresses Also Provide A 40-Bit Pseudorandom Number That Reduces The Risk Of Address Conflicts.
◙ ff00::/8 This Prefix Is Offered By IPv6 To Denote The Multicast Addresses. Any Address Carrying This Prefix Is Automatically Understood To Be A Multicast Address.
◙ fe80::/10 This Is A Link-Local Prefix Offered By IPv6. This Address Prefix Signifies That The Address Is Valid Only In The Local Physical Link.
For More Reference
:
◙ - ► 1. What You Need To Know About IPv6:
◙ - ► 2. Important Points To Know About IPv6:
◙ - ► 3. Difference Between IPv4 Vs IPv6:
◙ - ► 4. Deference Between RIPv1 Vs RIPv2 And Vs RIPng:
◙ - ► 5. IPv6 Quick Reference With Questions And Answer:
◙ - ► 6. IPv6 Notes:
◙ - ► 7. IPv6 Command Refernce:
◙ - ► 8. IPv6 Unicast, Multicast And Anycast:
◙ - ► 9. Converting From IPv4 To IPv6:
◙ - ► 10. IPv6 Access Control Lists:
◙ - ► 11. IPv6 AAAA Record:
◙ - ► 12. IPv6 BGP MULTIHOMING:
†
CONCLUSION:
The Goal Of This Article Is To Give An Easy Way To Understand The
“IPv6 Quick Reference Questions With Answer" And Also We Hope This Guide Will Help Every Beginner Who Are Going To Start Cisco Lab Practice Without Any Doubts.
Some Topics That You Might Want To Pursue On Your Own That We Did Not Cover In This Article Are Listed Here!
Hands - On Experience Is An Invaluable Part Of Preparing For The Lab
Exam And Never Pass Up An Opportunity To Configure Or Troubleshoot A Router ( If You Have Access To Lab Facilities, Take Full Advantage Of Them) There Is No Replacement For The Experience You Can Gain From Working In A Lab, Where You Can Configure Whatever You Want To Configure And Introduce Whatever Problems You Want To Introduce, Without Risk Of Disrupting A Production Network.
Thank You And Best Of Luck
This Article Written Author By: Premakumar Thevathasan - CCNA, CCNP, MCSE, MCSA, MCSA - MSG, CIW Security Analyst, CompTIA Certified A+ And Etc.
WARNING AND DISCLAIMER:
This Document Carries No Explicit Or Implied Warranty. Nor Is There Any Guarantee That The Information Contained In This Document Is Accurate. Every Effort Has Been Made To Make All Articles As Complete And As Accurate As Possible, But No Warranty Or Fitness Is Implied.
It Is Offered In The Hopes Of Helping Others, But You Use It At Your Own Risk. The Author Will Not Be Liable For Any Special, Incidental, Consequential Or Indirect Any Damages Due To Loss Of Data Or Any Other Reason That Occur As A Result Of Using This Document. But No Warranty Or Fitness Is Implied. The Information Provided Is On An "As Is" Basic. All Use Is Completely At Your Own Risk.
This Guide Provides Technical Guidance Intended To Help Network Students And Network Administrators Officers Improve The Security Of Their Networks.
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