RECAP OF RIPv1 & RIPv2 PROTOCOLS
JUST QUICK RECAP OF RIPv1 & RIPv2 :
The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Is A Distance-Vector Routing Protocol, Which Employs The Hop Count As A Routing Metric. RIP Prevents Routing Loops By Implementing A Limit On The Number Of Hops Allowed In A Path From The Source To A Destination. The Maximum Number Of Hops Allowed For RIP Is 15. This Hop Limit, However, Also Limits The Size Of Networks That RIP Can Support. A Hop Count Of 16 Is Considered An Infinite Distance And Used To Deprecate Inaccessible, Inoperable, Or Otherwise Undesirable Routes In The Selection Process.
RIP Implements The Split Horizon, Route Poisoning And Hold down Mechanisms To Prevent Incorrect Routing Information From Being Propagated. These Are Some Of The Stability Features Of RIP.
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Is The Simplest Routing Protocol That Uses A "Distance Vector" Algorithm To Determine The Best Routing Path. It Uses The Number Of Hops, Or Hop Count (Also Referred As The Metric) To Determine The Best Possible Route To A Host Or Network. RIP Is Designed As An Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), A Protocol For Exchanging Routing Information Within An Autonomous System (AS).
RIP VERSION 1
RIP Version 1:
Which Was Defined In RFC 1058, Is A Classfull Distance-Vector Routing Protocol That Uses Router Hop Count As A Metric And Uses UDP Port 520. Because Ripv1 Is A Classfull Protocol, It Does Not Support VLSMS OR CIDR. Furthermore, The Subnet Mask For The Entire IP Network Must Be The Same. Ripv1 Messages Are Encapsulated With UDP.
A RIP ROUTER SENDS ITS ROUTING TABLE TO ITS NEIGHBOR ROUTERS EVERY 30 SECOND. RIP Uses The Split Horizon With Poison Reverse. Thus, Route Updates Are Sent From The Interface With An Infinite Metric For Learned Routes Received From The Same Interface. RIP Transmits Triggered Updates When A Route's Metric Has A Change. RIP Only Performs Load Balancing When The Paths Have Equal Costs. The Administrative Distance For RIP Is 120.
RIP AUTOMATICALLY SUMMARIZES IP Networks At The Network Boundary, Which Occurs On A Router That Has One Or More Interfaces Without An Ip Address That Is Part Of The Network Number. The Networks Are Summarized To Their Ip Class. You Can Disable Automatic Summarization By Issuing The No Auto-Summary Command. Ripv1 Maintains Information On The Ip Addresses Of The Destination Host/Network, The Initial Gateway In The Path/Route To The Destination, The Physical Network To The Destination; The Hop Count Metric To The Destination Host/Network, And The Time Lapsed Since Previous Update. Rip Transmits Its Entire Routing Table As Periodic Broadcasts From All Rip Configured Interfaces To Every Host. A Maximum Of 25 Routes Can Be Included In Each Rip Message.
RIP VERSION 2
RIP Version 2:
RIPv2, Which Was First Defined In RFC 1388 And Was Updated In RFC 1723 (1994) And RFC 2453 (1998), Is A Classless Distance-Vector Routing Protocol That Also Uses UDP Port 520. Ripv2 Improves Upon Ripv1 By Adding VLSM And CIDR Support, As Well As Support For Route Authentication And Multicasts Route Updates. Thus, Ripv2 Does Send The Subnet Mask With Route Updates. Whereas Ripv1 Uses IP Address 255.255.255.255 To Broadcast Its Route Updates To Other RIP Routers, Ripv2 Uses IP Address 224.0.09 To Multicast The Route Updates.
As With RIPv1, Updates Are Sent Every 30 Seconds And The Hop Limit Is 15. Triggered Updates Are Also Used, As Is UDP Port 520. Split Horizon With Poison Reverse Is Used For Loop Prevention And Counting To Infinity Is Retained. In Addition, Ripv2 Has The Same Administrative Distance As Ripv1, Which Is 120 On Cisco Routes.
RIPv2 Also Summarizes IP Networks At Network Boundaries. As With Ripv1, You Can Disable Automatic Summarization By Using The No Auto-Summary Command.
You Can Use RIPv2 In Small Networks Where VLSM Is Required, Or At The Edge Of The Larger Networks. You Can Use Authentication To Ensure That Communication Only Takes Place With RIP Routers That Are Part Of The Network. RIP Routers Will Only Process The Route Updates That Hold The Authentication Password. RFC 1723 Describes Plain Text Passwords For Ripv2. A More Secure Method, Message Digest 5 (MD5) As Defined In RFC 1321, Can Be Used For Authentication.
A Maximum Of 25 Routes Are Contained in Ripv2 Message.
RIPv1 Vs RIPv2
RIPv 1 Vs RIPv 2:
RIP v1 -----> Classful Routing Protocol.
RIP v2 -----> Classless Routing Protocol.
RIP v1 ------> Subnet masks are NOT included in the routing update.
RIP v2 ------> Subnet masks are included in the routing update.
LIMITATIONS OF RIPv 1:
1.Hop Count Limit: More Than 15 Hops Away Is Considered Unreachable By Ripv1.
2. Classful Routing Only: RIP Is A Classful Routing Protocol. Ripv1 Doesn't Support Classless Routing. RIP V1 Advertises All Networks It Knows As Classful Networks, So It Is Not Possible To Subnet A Network Using RIP v1.
3.Metric Limitation: The Best Route In RIP Is Determined By Counting The Number Of Hops Required To Reach The Destination. A Lower Hop Count Route Is Always Preferred Over A Higher Hop Count Route. One Disadvantage Of Using Hop Count As Metric Is That If There Is A Route With One Additional Hop, But With Significantly Higher Bandwidth, The Route With Smaller Bandwidth Is Taken.
The RIP Routed Packets Take The Path Through 56KBPS Link Since The Destination Can Be Reached In One Hop. Though, The Alternative Provides A Minimum Bandwidth Of 1MBPS (Though Using Two Links Of 1MBPS, And 2MBPS Each), It Represents 2 Hops And Not Preferred By The RIP Protocol.
FEATURES OF RIPv 2
FEATURES OF RIPv 2:
RIP v2 Is A Revised Version Of Its Predecessor RIP v1. The Following Are The Important Feature Enhancements Provided In RIPv 2:
1.RIPv2 Packets Carry The Subnet Mask In Each Route Entry, Making RIPv2 A Classless Routing Protocol. It Provides Support For Variable-Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) And Classless Addressing (CIDR).
2. Next Hop Specification: In RIPv2, Each RIP Entry Includes A Space Where An Explicit IP Address Can Be Entered As The Next Hop Router For Datagrams Intended For The Network In That Entry.
For Example: This Field Can Be Used When The Most Efficient Route To A Network Is Through A Router That Is Not Running RIP. Since, That A Router Will Not Exchange RIP Messages, Explicit Next Hop Field Allows The Router To Be Selected As The Next Hop Router.
3. Authentication: RIPv1 Does Not Support Authentication. This Loophole May Be Used Maliciously By Hackers, That May Resulting In Delivering The Data Packets To A Fictitious Destination As Determined By The Hacker. RIPv2 Provides A Basic Authentication Scheme, So That A Router Can Accept RIP Messages From A Neighboring Router Only After Ascertaining Its Authenticity.
4.Route Tag: Each RIPv2 Entry Includes A Route Tag Field, Where Additional Information About A Route Can Be Stored. It Provides A Method For Distinguishing Between Internal Routes (Learned By RIP) And External Routes (Learned From Other Protocols).
LIMITATIONS OF RIPv 2:
One Of The Biggest Limitations Of RIPv1 Still Remains With RIPv2. It Is Hop Count Limitation, And Metric. The Hop Count Of 16 Still Remains As Unreachable, And The Metric Still Remains Hop Count. A Smaller Hop Count Limits The Network Diameter That Is The Number Of Routers That Can Participate In The RIP Network.
RIPng
RIPng (RIP Next Generation Routing Protocol For IPv6):
RIPng Is Intended To Allow Routers To Exchange Information For Computing Routes Through An IPv6-Based Network.
RFC 2080 Describes RIPngv1,
Based On RIP Version 2 (RIPv 2)
Uses UDP Port 521
Operational Procedures, Timers And Stability Functions Remain Unchanged
RIPng Is Not Backward Compatible To RIPv 2
Message Format Changed To Carry Larger IPv6 Addresses.
The Address Field Of A Routing Entry Is 128 Bits In Length, Expanded From The 32 Bits Available In RIP-2. This Allows The RIP Entry To Carry An Ipv6 Prefix.
MESSAGE FORMAT :
RIPng Is A UDP-Based Protocol. Each Router That Uses RIPng Has A Routing Process That Sends And Receives Datagrams On UDP Port Number 521, The RIPng Port.
All Communications Intended For Another Router's RIPng Process Are Sent To The RIPng Port.
All Routing Update Messages Are Sent From The Ripng Port. Unsolicited Routing Update Messages Have Both The Source And Destination Port Equal To The RIPng Port.
Those Sent In Response To A Request Are Sent To The Port From Which The Request Came. Specific Queries May Be Sent From Ports Other Than The RIPng Port, But They Must Be Directed To The RIPng Port On The Target Machine.
Ripng (RIP Next Generation), Defined In RFC 2080, Is An Extension Of Ripv2 For Support Of Ipv6, The Next Generation Internet Protocol.
Ripng Is The Latest RIP Version. It Is A Routing Protocol That Exchanges Routing Information Used To Compute Routes For Ipv6 Networks. Ripng Is A Simple Routing Protocol Based On RIP.
To Maintain The Simplicity Of RIP, The Ripng Protocol Is Simply The Minimum Change To RIP (Routing Information Protocol) As Specified In RFC 1058 And RFC 1723, Necessary For Operation Over Ipv6.
Ripng Is Designed To Allow Routers To Exchange Information To Compute Routes In Ipv6 Enabled Network. Ripng Relies On Certain Information About Each Of The Networks, Mainly The Metric.
Ripng Metric Is A Value Between 1 And 15, Inclusive. The Maximum Path Limit Is 15, After Which The Network Is Considered Unreachable. Ripng Supports Multiple Ipv6 Addresses On Each Interface.
RIPng Operates Much Like Ripv2, Updates Are Sent Every 30 Seconds And The Route Expiration Timer Is 180 Seconds. The Default Garbage Collection Interval Is 120 Seconds. RIP Sends Updates To The Ipv6 Multicast Group FF02::9 Using Port 521 By Default.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RIPng
RIPng IS ACTUALLY SIMILAR TO RIP FOR IPv4, WITH THESE CHARACTERISTICS :
It's A Distance Vector Protocol.
The Hop-Count Limit Is 15.
Split Horizon And Poison Reverse Are Used To Prevent Routing Loops.
It Is Based On Ripv2.
Cisco Routers Running 12.2(2) T And Later Support RIPng.
RFC 2081 The Internal Routers (IR1 And IR2) Are Only Running RIPng. The External Routers (Xr1 And Xr2) Are Both Running BGP, For Example; However, Only Xr1 Is Running BGP And RIPng. Since Xr2 Is Not Running RIPng, The Irs Will Not Know Of Its Existance And Will Never Use It As A Next Hop, Even If It Is A Better Next Hop Than Xr1. Of Course, Xr1 Knows This And Can Indicate, Via The Next Hop Mechanism, That Xr2 Is The Better Next Hop For Some Routes. AUTHENTICATION, Which Was Added To RIP-2 Because RIP-1 Did Not Have It, Has Been Dropped From RIPng. This Is Safe To Do Because IPV6, Which Carries The RIPng Packets, Has Build In Security Which Ipv4 Did Not Have.
RIPng FEATURES :
Static Routes Support.
Basic Timer Configuration Support.
Route Filtering.
Route Redistribution.
RIP Neighbor Configuration Support.
Split Horizon Support.
Poison Reverse Support.
Offset List Support.
Industry-Standard Command Line Interface (CLI).
Flag To Control Metric Updates.
RIPng BENEFITS ;
Stable, Robust Implementation Of RIPng.
Provides Routing Platform For Any IPv6 Routing Device.
Can Be Used In Both Embedded Equipment And On Standard Server Platforms.
Delivers Significant Time-To-Market Advantage For Customers.
Fully Independent Module That Can Be Installed, Configured, And Upgraded Separately.
Platform-Independent Implementation.
RIP vs RIPng
THE MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RIPv2 AND RIPng ARE:
Support Of Ipv6 Networking.
While RIPv2 Supports RIPv1 Updates Authentication, RIPng Does Not. IPv6 Routers Were, At The Time, Supposed To Use Ipsec For Authentication.
RIPv2 Allows Attaching Arbitrary Tags To Routes, Ripng Does Not.
RIPv2 Encodes The Next-Hop Into Each Route Entries, RIPng Requires Specific Encoding Of The Next Hop For A Set Of Route Entries.
RIPng Is, Therefore, No More Or Less Powerful Than RIP. However, It Provides A Simple Way To Bring Up An IPv6 Network Without Having To Build A Reliable Or Manageable Routing Protocol First. Our Interoperability Demo In The labs Uses RIPng To Distribute Routing Information.
RIPng Protocol Module Is Portable Software That Implements The Industry-Standard Routing Information Protocol For IPv6.
The Main Difference Is That The IPv6 Router Is Looking At 128 Bits When Making A Routing Decision Instead Of 32 Bits.
CONCLUSION:
The Goal Of This Article Is To Give An Easy Way To Understand The "DEFERENCE BETWEEN RIPv 1, RIPv2 & RIPng". Hope This Article Will Help Every Beginners Who Are Going To Start Cisco Lab Practice Without Any Doubts. Thank You And Best Of Luck.
This Article Written Author By: Premakumar Thevathasan. CCNA, CCNP, CCIP, MCSE, MCSA, MCSA - MSG, CIW Security Analyst, CompTIA Certified A+.
DISCLAIMER:
This Document Carries No Explicit Or Implied Warranty. Nor Is There Any Guarantee That The Information Contained In This Document Is Accurate. Every Effort Has Been Made To Make All Articles As Complete And As Accurate As Possible.
It Is Offered In The Hopes Of Helping Others, But You Use It At Your Own Risk. The Author Will Not Be Liable For Any Special, Incidental, Consequential Or Indirect Any Damages Due To Loss Of Data Or Any Other Reason That Occur As A Result Of Using This Document. But No Warranty Or Fitness Is Implied. The Information Provided Is On An "As Is" Basic. All Use Is Completely At Your Own Risk.
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